⒈ 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本時(shí)態(tài)變化
被動(dòng)語態(tài)通常為十種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)形式，被動(dòng)語態(tài)由be+過去分詞構(gòu)成，be隨時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。以do為例，各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式為：
（1）am/is/are + done(過去分詞）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
（2）has /have been done 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
（3）am/is /are being done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
（4）was/were done 一般過去時(shí)
（5）had been done 過去完成時(shí)
（6）was/were being done 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
（7）shall/will be done 一般將來時(shí)
（8）should/would be done 過去將來時(shí)
（9）shall/will have been done將來完成時(shí)（少用）
（10）should/would have been done 過去將來完成時(shí)（少用）
⒉ 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式
① 帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過去分詞。
如：The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
② 有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語，在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。
如：His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改為He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
③ 當(dāng)“動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，將賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語，其余不動(dòng)。
例：Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.可改為The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
④ 在使役動(dòng)詞have,make,get 以及感官動(dòng)詞see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語時(shí)，在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要加to。
如：Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.可改為A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
⑤ 有些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞詞組，如“動(dòng)詞+介詞”，“動(dòng)詞+副詞”等，也可以用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，但要把它們看作一個(gè)整體，不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。
例：The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
⒊ 非謂語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
v.+ing 形式及不定式to do也有被動(dòng)語態(tài)（一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)）。
例：I don't like being laughed at in the public.
學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，不僅要知道被動(dòng)語態(tài)的各種語法結(jié)構(gòu)，還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
⒈ 講話者不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或不必說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者（這時(shí)可省by短語）。
如：My bike was stolen last night.
⒉ 借助被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作突出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。
如：I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
⒊ 為了更好地安排句子。
例：The wellknown person got on the bus and was immediately recognzed by people.（一個(gè)主語就夠了）
一些表示“據(jù)說”或“相信”的動(dòng)詞如 believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等可以用于句型“It+be+過去分詞+that從句”或“主語+be+過去分詞+to do sth.”的有：
It is said that 據(jù)說
It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道
It is believed that 大家相信
It is hoped that 大家希望
It is well known that 眾所周知
It is thought that 大家認(rèn)為
It is suggested that 據(jù)建議
如：It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.(=The boy is said to have passed the national exam.
⒈ 英語中有很多動(dòng)詞如 break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等，當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來描述主語特征時(shí)，常用其主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義，主語通常是物。
如：This kind of cloth washes well.
注意：主動(dòng)語態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語的特征，而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。
試比較：The door won't lock.（指門本身有毛?。?/p>
The door won't be locked.(指不會有人來鎖門，指“門沒有鎖”是人的原因）
⒉ 表示“發(fā)生、進(jìn)行”的不及物動(dòng)詞和短語，如：happen,last,take place,break out,come out,come about,come true,run out,give out,turn out等以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
如：How do the newspapers come out?這些報(bào)紙是如何引出來的呢？
⒊ 系動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)形式，但有些表示感受、感官的連系動(dòng)詞feel,sound,taste,book,feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
如：Your reason sounds reasonable.
在某些句型中可用動(dòng)名詞和不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。
⒈ 在need,want,require,bear等詞的后面，動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，其含義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。
如：The house needs repairing(to be repaired).這房子需要修理。
⒉ 形容詞worth后面跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，但不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式；而worthy后面跟動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。
如：The picture-book is well worth reading.(=The picture-book is very worthy to be read.)
⒊ 動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語，不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系，不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。
如：I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.(to do與things是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，與I 是主謂關(guān)系。）
⒋ 在某些“形容詞+不定式”做表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語的結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主語或賓語又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語時(shí)，這時(shí)常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。這些形容詞有 nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。
如：This problem is difficult to work out.（可看作to work out 省略了for me).
⒌ 在too…to…結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式前面可加邏輯主語，所以應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
如：This book is too expensive (for me)to buy.
⒍ 在there be…句型中，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式修飾名詞作定語時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)形式作定語，重點(diǎn)在人，用被動(dòng)形式作定語，重點(diǎn)在物。
如：There is no time to lose(to be lost).（用to lose 可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，誰lost time不明確。）
⒎ 在be to do結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式通常應(yīng)用主動(dòng)表主動(dòng)，被動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。然而，由于古英語的影響，下列動(dòng)詞rent，blame，let等仍用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
例：Who is to blame for starting the fire?
表示方位的介詞與含動(dòng)作意義的名詞合用，含被動(dòng)之義，其意義相當(dāng)于該名詞相應(yīng)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式，名詞前一般不用冠詞。
⒈ 'under +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“某事在進(jìn)行中”
常見的有：
under control（受控制）
under treatment(在治療中）
under repair（在修理中）
under discussion（在討論中）
under construction（在施工中）
如：The building is under construction(is being constructed).
⒉ “beyond+名詞'結(jié)構(gòu)，“出乎…….勝過……、范圍、限度”
常見的有：
beyond belief（令人難以置信）
beyond one's reach（鞭長莫及）
beyond one's control（無法控制）
如：The rumour is beyond belief=cant be believed.
⒊ 'above+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示（品質(zhì)、行為、能力等）超過……高于……'
如：His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough.
⒋ for+名詞“結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“適于……為著……”
如：for sale(出售），for rent(出租）等。
That house is for sale.(=That house is to be sold).
⒌ “n+名詞“結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“在…….過程中或范圍內(nèi)“
常見的有：
in print（在印刷中）
in sight在視野范圍內(nèi)）
如：The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed)
⒍ 'on+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“在從事……中”
常見的有：
on sale（出售）
on show（展出）
on trial（受審）
如：Today some treasures are on show in the museum(=are being showed).
⒎ “out of+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)；表示“超出……之外
常見的有：
out of control（控制不了）
out of sight（超出視線之外）
out of one's reach（夠不著）
out of fashion（不流行）
如：The plane was out of control (can't be controlled)。
⒏ 'within+名詞“結(jié)構(gòu)，“在……內(nèi)、不超過……'
例：He took two days off within the teacher's permission
當(dāng)“be+過去分詞“作被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)表示主語承受的動(dòng)作；作系表結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)表示主語的特點(diǎn)或所處的狀態(tài)時(shí)，be后面的過去分詞是表語，相當(dāng)于形容詞。其區(qū)分辦法如下：
⒈ 如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作或句中有介詞by引導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，該句一般為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，否則為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
如：The glass is broken（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）
The glass was broken by the boy(被動(dòng)語態(tài)）
⒉ 如果句中有地點(diǎn)、頻率或時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，一般為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
如：The door is locked（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）
The door has already/just been locked(被動(dòng)語態(tài)）
⒊ 被動(dòng)語態(tài)除用于一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)外，還可以用于其他各種時(shí)態(tài)，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的系動(dòng)詞be只有一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)。
如：The machine is being repaired.
動(dòng)詞不定式是由不定式符號to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，在某些情況下to也可省略。
⒈ 不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式表示的動(dòng)作通常與謂語的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。
如：He appears to be very happy.（同時(shí)發(fā)生）
To catch the train, we'd better hurry to the station by taxi.（to catch the train發(fā)生在hurry to the station之后）
⒉ 不定式的進(jìn)行式
不定式的進(jìn)行式表示正在進(jìn)行的或與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
如：It happened to be raining when I got there.
⒊ 不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。
如：I'm sorry to have lost your key.
⒋ 不定式的完成進(jìn)行式
不定式的完成進(jìn)行式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語之前發(fā)生并且一直進(jìn)行著。
如：He was said to have been living in London for twenty years.
不定式的時(shí)態(tài)意義：
如：He is said to be studying abroad.（不定式的進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行）
He is said to have studied abroad.（不定式的完成式表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束）
⒌ 不定式的被動(dòng)形式
當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語是這個(gè)不定式表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式。不定式的被動(dòng)形式根據(jù)其與謂語動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系，有一般式和完成時(shí)兩種。
① 一般式 to be done
如：These are the books to be given out to the students.
② 完成式 to have been done
如：The novel is said to have been translated into many languages.
⒍ 不定式的否定形式
不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式構(gòu)成。
如：We decided not to go out because of the bad weather. 由于天氣不好，我們決定不出去。
注意：謂語動(dòng)詞的否定和不定式的否定不同的意義
如：I did not promise to wake him up. 我沒有答應(yīng)叫醒他。
I promised not to wake him up. 我答應(yīng)了不叫醒他。
不定式可以作句子的主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、表語、定語、狀語等成分。
⒈ 作主語
如：To hear from you is nice.
To be a good teacher is not easy.
不定式作主語時(shí)，為了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主語，而不定式置于謂語動(dòng)詞后。
如：It's nice to hear from you.
It's not easy to be a good teacher.
⒉ 作賓語
通常用于afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, continue, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, love, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, prove, refuse, seek, threaten, trouble, wait, want, wish等動(dòng)詞后面。
如：I forgot to lock the door.
Please remember to write to me.
記憶口訣：
三個(gè)希望兩答應(yīng)（hope，wish，want，agree，promise）
一個(gè)要求莫拒絕（demand，refuse）
設(shè)法學(xué)會做決定（manage，decide）
不要假裝在選擇（pretend，choose）
⒊ 作表語
如：My job is to pick up letters.
He seemed to have heard nothing.
⒋ 作定語
在the first, the second, the third, the last等之后通常接不定式作定語。作定語時(shí)須放在被修飾的名詞之后：
如：He is always the first one to get up.
I have a few words to say on this question.
主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義：
如：I have a book to read.
It is easy to read.
Have you anything to send?
比較：Have you anything to be sent?
She is the last to come.
He is looking for a room to live in.
There is nothing to worry about.
⒌ 作賓補(bǔ)
通常用于advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, convince, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, instruct, invite, order, permit, persuade, recommend, remind, request, require, teach, tell, train, urge, want, warn等詞后。
如：He ordered her to leave at once.
He was forced to obey his mother’s order.
⒍ 作狀語
不定式作狀語時(shí)通常表示目的，不定式用作目的狀語有兩個(gè)可能的位置，一是在句首，二是在句末。一般說來，用于句首屬于強(qiáng)調(diào)性用法，即強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)詞的目的。也可用于“be adj. to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中作原因狀語。
如：He got up early to catch the first bus.
To finish the task on time, we have to work hard.
I'm happy to hear the news.
I'm surprised to see him here.
only to...往往表示“意想不到”的結(jié)果；never to...可以接后續(xù)的結(jié)果。so...as to..., such... as to..., enough to..., only to...以及too...to...等結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式也表結(jié)果：
如：Her father disappeared, never to be heard again.
I went to the bank only to find it was closed.
⒈ 作目的狀語。不定式作目的狀語，帶有很強(qiáng)的目的性，有時(shí)可以把(in order) to do置于句首。而現(xiàn)在分詞作目的狀語時(shí)，目的和伴隨兼而有之。多放于句末，與主句用逗號隔開。
如：(In order) to ensure success, we must make a complete and through plan.
You should keep it a secret, trying to protect the plan.
⒉ 作結(jié)果狀語。不定式作結(jié)果狀語表示意外的結(jié)果。現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語表示自然的結(jié)果。
如：He returned home many years later, only to find that everything had changed.(意外的結(jié)果)
It rained heavily last night, causing the river to rise.(自然的結(jié)果)
⒊ 作獨(dú)立成分
to be honest, to begin with, to start with, to tell you the truth, to make a long story short
如：To tell you the truth, I told a lie.
To begin/start with, let’s sing a song.
To make a long story short, he succeeded in passing the exam.
⒈ 用it作形式主語
動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí)，如果主語太長，通常用it作形式主語，將真正的主語——?jiǎng)釉~不定式后置。
如：For us to learn English well is necessary.
→It is necessary for us to learn English well.
動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí)，如果將句子變?yōu)橐蓡柧洌瑧?yīng)使用it作形式主語。
To walk to the station takes twenty minutes.
→Does it take twenty minutes to walk to the station?
⒉ 用it作形式賓語
某些不能修飾人的形容詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，不能用表示人的詞作賓語，應(yīng)用it作形式賓語，再用動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作真正的賓語；這類形容詞常用的有necessary, easy, hard, common, possible及impossible等。
如：父親的猝死，使得他必須輟學(xué)。
誤：His father’s sudden death made him necessary to leave school.
正：His father’s sudden death made it necessary for him to leave school.
⒊ 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語時(shí)是否要介詞
動(dòng)詞不定式與被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，如果動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞及不及物動(dòng)詞，或者該動(dòng)詞不定式本身有賓語，其后面應(yīng)加上與之用法相應(yīng)的介詞。
如：We are looking for a room to live in.
但被修飾的名詞為place, time, way等時(shí)，則往往省略介詞。
如：That’s a nice place to work（in）.
⒋ 不定式主動(dòng)式和被動(dòng)式作定語區(qū)別
動(dòng)詞不定式作定語時(shí)，如果其表示的動(dòng)作為句子的主語發(fā)出時(shí)，該動(dòng)詞不定式一般用主動(dòng)式；如果動(dòng)詞不定式表示的動(dòng)作不是句子的主語發(fā)出的，該動(dòng)詞不定式應(yīng)用被動(dòng)式。
如：I am going to the shop because I have something to buy.（“buy”這個(gè)動(dòng)作是句子的主語“I”發(fā)出的，故用主動(dòng)式to buy）
I am going to the shop. Do you have anything to be bought? （“buy”這個(gè)動(dòng)作不是句子的主語“you”發(fā)出的，故用被動(dòng)式to be bought）
⒌ “too...to...”結(jié)構(gòu)
① “too +形容詞或副詞+ to do”中的動(dòng)詞不定式表示結(jié)果，含有否定的意義，意思是“太……以致不能……”
如：The problem was too complicated for us to solve.
② 但下列結(jié)構(gòu)表示肯定含義。
⑴ 當(dāng)too前或to前有否定詞構(gòu)成雙重否定時(shí)：
如：English is not too difficult to learn. （英語并不太難學(xué)。）
He is too wise not to see that. （他很聰明,不會不懂這一點(diǎn)。）
⑵ 當(dāng)too后是glad, pleased, happy, delighted, satisfied, ready, willing, kind, apt, good, true, easy, near, careful, well, early, delicious, eager, anxious等形容詞或副詞時(shí)；與這些詞連用時(shí)，too前還常加上only, all, but, just, simply等副詞，意思不變，因?yàn)檫@些詞加上too后與very同義。
如：They are too anxious to leave. （他們急于離開。）
He is too ready to help others. （他總是樂于助人。）
I'm only too glad to see you. （見到你非常高興）
They are too pleased to hear the news. （他們聽到這個(gè)消息，非常高興。）
⑶ 與cannot連用：
如：You cannot be too careful (=You can never be careful enough) to do your homework.
你做作業(yè)越仔細(xì)越好(=無論怎樣仔細(xì)也不過分).
不定式在句中作定語或真正的主語時(shí)：
There are too many problems to be solved. （有很多問題有待解決。）
⒍ in order to與so as to
動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語位于句首時(shí)，前面可加in order，但不能加so as；動(dòng)詞不定式位于句末，則加in order或so as均可。
如：In order to make money, they did anything.
They set out early in order to/ so as to get to the village before 9.
⒎“疑問詞＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)
“疑問詞＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中的疑問詞，包括疑問代詞who，what，which和疑問副詞how,when,where等。這些疑問詞和不定式一起構(gòu)成了不定式短語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)可在句子中作主語、賓語、表語等。
如：How to do it is a question. （作主語）
I really don't know what to write about. （作動(dòng)詞賓語）
We must first solve the problem of whom to serve. （作介詞賓語）
The question is where to put it. （作表語）
I asked him how to learn English. （作賓語補(bǔ)足語）
⒏ 不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
不定式可以與其邏輯主語一起構(gòu)成不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，其形式：“for+名詞/人稱代詞賓格+帶to的不定式”。其中的名詞或人稱代詞賓格與不定式構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。
如：It is important for us to learn English well.
但當(dāng)表語表示不定式的邏輯主語的特征屬性時(shí)要用of，如：good, kind, nice, wise, clever, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, rude, impolite, careless
如：It is very kind of you to help me. = you are kind to help me.
⒈ watch, see, notice, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, make, let, have后接不定式做賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，省略to；但get sb. to do中的to 不能省略。
注意：主動(dòng)省to的這些句子，變成被動(dòng)形式時(shí)必須加to。
如：I saw him play basketball.
I noticed him come in.
They made me repeat the story.
I was made to repeat the story.
⒉ 當(dāng)介詞but, except, besides之前有一個(gè)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do (助動(dòng)詞do及其變化形式除外)時(shí)，后面的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。此外，在can not but/except, can not choose but/except, can not help but/except這三個(gè)固定用法中，but/except之后的不定式也不帶to。
如：The enemy could not choose but surrender.
I could do nothing except agree to his terms.
Can you do nothing but sell the wedding ring?
⒊ 介詞instead of 前后的兩個(gè)成分要相等。如果前面的成分是不定式，則后面的不定式不帶to。
如：He went to play football instead of see a film.
would (had) as soon, had better, had best (不常用) 等之后，不定式省略to。
You had better not smoke.
I’d just as soon come tomorrow.
⒋ 某些慣用法中，than之后的不定式不帶to, 如do nothing else than, do more (less) than, do no more than, would (had) sooner than, would rather than等。
如：I would rather not see him.
The old worker often does more than fulfill his quota.
⒌ why引導(dǎo)的省略問句中?？谡Z中，不帶to的不定式常在why引導(dǎo)的省略句中作謂語。表示不同意或反駁的意見。
如：Why not give her another chance？
Why bother?
Why not do it yourself？
⒍ make, hear, let, go構(gòu)成慣用語時(shí)，常用省略to不定式。
如：Can't you make do with 10 pounds？ 10英磅不可以湊合著用嗎？
They let ship the good chance. 他們錯(cuò)過了那次好機(jī)會。
The children made believe that they were generals.孩子們假扮成將軍。
⒎ 動(dòng)詞go和come之后作狀語時(shí)省略to：
不定式在動(dòng)詞 go 和 come之后作狀語時(shí)，在某些情況下總是不帶 to。這種用法在祈使句的go 和come之后最常見。在陳述句中也會出現(xiàn)這種用法，但一般在go 和come不發(fā)生形態(tài)變化的情況下才出現(xiàn)。
如：Go chase yourself!！(走開，別來搗亂！)
Come sit beside me.
You should go thank him.
⒏ 兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的不定式并列在一起時(shí)，第一個(gè)不定式帶to，后面的不定式往往把to省去；但表對照時(shí)不能省to：
如：I wish to finish my task and (to) get away.
It is better to laugh than to cry.
⒈ 為避免重復(fù)，口語中?？墒∪ヅc前邊動(dòng)詞重復(fù)的動(dòng)詞原形而留下to。
如：—Would you like to go to the films with me?
—I’d like to.
⒉ 如果不定式to后的結(jié)構(gòu)中含有be, have或have been，通常要保留be, have或have been，但隨后的成分仍可省略。
如：—Is your mother a teacher?
—No, but she used to be.
—He hasn’t finished yet.
—Well, he ought to have.
動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成相同，即動(dòng)詞原形ing。那么，在使用的過程中如何區(qū)別它們呢？
⒈ 用法不同
動(dòng)詞除具有動(dòng)詞的特征外，還有名詞的特征，在句子中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語等；而現(xiàn)在分詞除具有動(dòng)詞的特征外，還具有形容詞的特征，在句子中可以作定語、表語、狀語、補(bǔ)語等。
⒉ 區(qū)分方法：
① 如果-ing形式在句子中作狀語和補(bǔ)語，那么它一定是現(xiàn)在分詞。
如：She saw Jim playing with the cat.
Having finished his homework,he went out to play.
② 如果-ing形式在句子中作主語、賓語和同位語，那么它一定是動(dòng)名詞。
如：Smoking is harm to your body.
I like swimming.
His aim,going to college,will come true.
③ 作定語的區(qū)分方法：如果被修飾的名詞與-ing形式有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，即都表示所修飾的人或物所發(fā)出的動(dòng)作，那么它就是現(xiàn)在分詞；如果沒有，那么它就是動(dòng)名詞。
如：Do you like sleeping cars?(動(dòng)名詞）
The sleeping girl is my little sister.（現(xiàn)在分詞）
④ 作表語的區(qū)分方法：如果-ing形式相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞，表示主語的性質(zhì)或特征，和主語的位置不能互換，那么ing形式就是現(xiàn)在分詞；如果-ing形式相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞，與主語處于同等地位，可以與主語互換位置，那么ing形式就是動(dòng)名詞。
如：Her job is feeding these animals.(這句話可以改為：Feeding these animals is her job.因此，feeding是動(dòng)名詞。）
The book is interesting(這句話不可以改為：Interesting is the book.(所以，interesting是現(xiàn)在分詞。）
⒈ 動(dòng)詞ing形式作主語往往表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
如：Swimming is my favorite sport.
⒉ 在It is no use/no good/useless/ worthwhile/dangerous/a waste of time 這里需用動(dòng)名詞作真正的主語。
如：It is no use waiting for him any longer.
It is a waste of time arguing about it.
⒊ 當(dāng)句型“There is no.”表示“不允許、禁止某種行為的發(fā)生或存在”時(shí)，需用動(dòng)名詞作主語。
如：There is no joking about such matter.這種事開不得玩笑。
There is no point (in)doing sth. 干……沒意義。
There is no sense(in)doing sth.干...沒道理/意義
【注意】當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞做主語時(shí)，其邏輯主語由形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格構(gòu)成。
如：My sisters being ill made us worried.
⒈ 作動(dòng)詞的賓語?？山觿?dòng)名詞作賓語的常見動(dòng)詞可用下面的口語記?。?/strong>
避免錯(cuò)過少延期（avoid,miss,postpone)
建議完成多練習(xí)（advice,finish,practise)
喜歡想象禁不住(enjoy,imagine,can't help)
承認(rèn)否認(rèn)與嫉妒(admit,deny,envy)
逃避冒險(xiǎn)莫原諒（escape,risk,excuse)
⒉ 英語中有一些動(dòng)詞短語也常跟v-ing形式作賓語。常見的跟v-ing形式作賓語的動(dòng)詞短語有insist on,object to,be good at,lead to,put off,give up,look forward to,feel like,devote to,get used to,pay attention to,be worth,busy等。
如：He insisted on doing it in his own way.他堅(jiān)持要按自己的方法去做。
I have never dreamed of visiting that place我從未夢想過要參觀那個(gè)地方。
⒊ 有些動(dòng)詞或詞組后跟動(dòng)詞-ing形式或不定式都可以，但意思不同。
Stop to do sb.停下來去做某事/Stop doing sth.停止做某事
Remember doing sth記得做了某事/Remember to do sth.記住要去做某事
Forget doing sth忘記做了某事/Forget to do sth忘記要去做某事
Regret doing sth后悔做了某事/Regret to do sth.遺憾要去做某事
Mean to do sth想要做某事/Mean doing sth意味著做某事
Try to do sth.努力（企圖）做某事/Try doing sth試著做某事
⒋ 下列動(dòng)詞可接動(dòng)詞-ing形式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，相當(dāng)于不定式的被動(dòng)形式。
need/want/require/deserve doing=need/want/require/deserve to be done
① 動(dòng)詞-ing形式的否定形式
動(dòng)詞-ing形式的否定形式通常是在其前加not，帶有邏輯主語時(shí)not 應(yīng)放在動(dòng)詞ing形式之前。
如：Excuse me for my not coming on time.
I'm sorry for not having kept my promise.
② 動(dòng)詞-ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
⑴ 動(dòng)詞ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由物主代詞或人稱代詞賓格，名詞所有格或普通格加動(dòng)名詞，即“sb./sb.'s+doing”構(gòu)成。動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際上是給動(dòng)名詞加了一個(gè)邏輯主語。
⑵ 動(dòng)詞-ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)有四種形式：
a. 形容詞性物主代詞+動(dòng)名詞
b. 名詞‘s動(dòng)名詞
c. 代詞賓格+動(dòng)名詞
d. 名詞+動(dòng)名詞
【注意】動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)可在句中作主語或賓語。作主語時(shí)，不能用cd兩種形式。
如：Tom's winning the first prize last year impressed me a lot.湯姆去年得了一等獎(jiǎng)使我印象深刻。
⒈ 動(dòng)名詞作表語表示抽象的、一般的行為，現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語的特征、性質(zhì)和狀態(tài)。
我們最大的幸福是為人民服務(wù)。Our greatest happiness is serving the people.(動(dòng)名詞）
我們的任務(wù)是建設(shè)社會主義。Our task is building socialism.（動(dòng)名詞）
⒉ 表示主語的具體內(nèi)容時(shí)候，主語和表語可以相互替換.
如：His job is painting.=Painting is his job.
我們昨晚看的電影十分動(dòng)人。The film we saw last night is quite moving.（現(xiàn)在分詞）
他的話很鼓舞人。His words are encouraging.（現(xiàn)在分詞）
⒊ 常用來作表語的現(xiàn)在分詞有astonishing,amusing,confusing,disappointing,boring,encouraging,inspiring,moving,tiring,interesting,surprising等；常譯為”令人如何的”
① 動(dòng)名詞作表語和主語是等值關(guān)系，兩者有時(shí)可以互換，句子意思不變；動(dòng)名詞后面可以接賓語、狀語。
② 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語和主語不是對等關(guān)系，現(xiàn)在分詞后面不能接賓語，但它前面可以有修飾性的副詞，如very,rather等。
⒈ 動(dòng)名詞作定語用來說明該名詞的用途，不表示名詞本身的動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在分詞作定語與所修飾的名詞具有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，即現(xiàn)在分詞相當(dāng)于所修飾名詞的謂語。
如：我們必須改進(jìn)工作方法。We must improve our working method.（動(dòng)名詞）
他們將手術(shù)臺架設(shè)在一座小廟里。They set up an perating table in a small temple.（動(dòng)名詞）
中國是發(fā)展中國家。China is a developing country.（現(xiàn)在分詞）
正在做實(shí)驗(yàn)的那個(gè)學(xué)生是我們的班長。
The studentmaking the experiment is our monitor.（現(xiàn)在分詞）
⒉ 動(dòng)名詞短語不能作定語，單個(gè)的動(dòng)名詞可以用作定語，但僅作前置定語。
如：working method=method for working工作方法
⒊ 單個(gè)分詞和分詞短語都可作定語，單個(gè)分詞一般作前置定語，分詞短語則作后置定語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。
如：the man visiting Japan=the man who is visiting Japan.
⒈ 動(dòng)名詞不能作賓語補(bǔ)足語?，F(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)表示的是正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
如：我看見他正在上樓。I saw him going upstairs.
我們看著她在過大街。We watched her crossing the street.
我們聽見她在房間里唱歌。We heard her singing in her room
⒉ 表示感覺的詞（感觀動(dòng)詞）和表示狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞：see look at/notice/watch/observe/catch /feel/find /smell/ hear/ listen to+doing
如：Can you smell anything burning?
⒊ 表指使的詞（使役動(dòng)詞）：have,set keep,catch,leave
如：I m sorry to have kept you waiting long.
⒋ 接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞有 feel,hear,listen to,see,look at,watch,observe,notice,find,smell,set,have,keep,start,leave,get,catch等
可以修飾謂語動(dòng)詞或整個(gè)句子，表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式、伴隨或補(bǔ)充。
⒈ 表示時(shí)間：
動(dòng)詞-ing形式作時(shí)間狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句。常置于句首或句末。
如：Turning around,she saw a car driving up.
=When she turned around,she saw a car driving up.她轉(zhuǎn)過身，看見一輛車朝她開來。
⒉ 表示原因：
表示原因的動(dòng)詞-ing形式一般置于句首，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。常置于句首句中或句末。
如：Being ill,he could not walk any further.
=As he was ill,he could not walk any further.
因?yàn)槠＞?，他不能再往前走了?/p>
⒊ 表示結(jié)果：
動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語表示一種必然的結(jié)果，可擴(kuò)展為一個(gè)含有并列謂語的簡單句。常置于句末。
如：The fire lasted nearly a month,leaving nothing valuable.
=The fire lasted nearly a month,and left nothing valuable.
大火持續(xù)了近一個(gè)月，幾乎沒剩下什么值錢的東西。
⒋ 表示條件：
動(dòng)詞-ing形式作條件狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句。常置于句首。
如：Being more careful,you can make fewer mistakes.
=If you are more careful,you can make fewer mistakes.如果你更細(xì)心點(diǎn)，你就會少犯錯(cuò)誤。
⒌ 表示讓步
動(dòng)詞-ing形式作讓步狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)讓步狀語從句。常置于句首。
如：Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.
=Although they knew all this,they made me pay for the damage.
盡管知道了一切情況，他們還是要我賠償損失。
⒍ 表示方式、伴隨或補(bǔ)充說明
動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說明，可以擴(kuò)展成為一個(gè)并列成分。常置于句末。
如：I stood by the door,not daring to say a word.
=I stood by the door,and did not dare to say a word.我站在門旁，不敢說一句話。
He was walking along the street,looking this way and that.
=He was walking along the street,and looked this way and that.他在街上走著，左顧右盼。
⒈ [從屬連詞+動(dòng)詞-ing形式]作狀語
為了使動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語所表達(dá)的時(shí)間、條件、讓步等意思更加明確，可在動(dòng)詞-ing形式前加上適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞(when,while,if,though,unless,even if等）。
如：Don't talk while having dinner.吃飯時(shí)不要說話。
Once losing this chance,you can't easily find it一旦失去這次機(jī)會你就很難找回。
⒉ 要避免無依著（無邏輯主語）動(dòng)詞-ing形式
動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致，如果狀語與主語不一致，可給從句加上主語，變成主從復(fù)合句。
如：【錯(cuò)誤】While reading the book,the telephone rang.
【正確】While she was reading the book,the telephone rang.她看書的時(shí)候，電話鈴響了。（reading的動(dòng)作不是the telephone發(fā)出）
【錯(cuò)誤】Looking out through the window the garden was beautiful.
【正確】Looking out through the window we found a beautiful garden.從窗戶里，我們看見一個(gè)漂亮的花園。（looking的動(dòng)作不是garden發(fā)出）
⒊ 獨(dú)立動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語
英語中有些動(dòng)詞-ing形式，如：generally（frankly,honestly）,speaking,supposing（假設(shè)），judging from（從……判斷），talking of（談到），speaking of（談到）等，它們作狀語時(shí)的邏輯主語可以和句子的主語不一致。這種形式已經(jīng)成為固定的用法。
如：Generally speaking,girls are more careful than boys.
Supposing you lose,what will you do?
Judging from his accent,he must be from the north.
Talking of travel,have you ever been to Beijing?
Supposing he is ill,who will do the work?假如他病了，誰來做這工作呢？
Generally speaking,boys are more interested in science than girls.一般來說，男孩比女孩對科學(xué)更感興趣。
⒈ 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語，當(dāng)句子的謂語動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞-ing形式的動(dòng)詞所表動(dòng)作在時(shí)間上幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，用doing作狀語；若動(dòng)詞-ing形式動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，用其完成時(shí)having done作狀語；動(dòng)詞-ing形式的否定形式為：not doing或者not having done。
⒉ 有一些固定的動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語，這就是獨(dú)立成分。
⒊ 當(dāng)句子主語和動(dòng)詞-ing形式的主語不一致時(shí)，則不可省略動(dòng)詞-ing形式的主語。這時(shí)可用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，即：帶有邏輯主語的動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語；或者用with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作伴隨狀語。若分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞以前，則分詞使用完成式：having done。
如：Having finished his homework,he went home.
Having been bitten by a snake,she was frightened.
① 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：
⑴ 動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：
動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是由物主代詞或名詞所有格加上動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成，它們在邏輯上存在主謂關(guān)系，在句子中可以作主語、表語、賓語等等。而在口語或非正式文體中，這種結(jié)構(gòu)如不置于句首作主語，則可用人稱代詞的賓格代替物主代詞，用名詞的普通格代替所有格形式。
如：I cant imagine his/him marrying her.我無法想象他與她結(jié)婚。
There is no question of Mas Marry being able to do it well.瑪麗能做好此事，這是毫無疑問的。
The students kowing English well helped him in leaming French.這個(gè)學(xué)生良好的英語基礎(chǔ)有助于他學(xué)習(xí)法語。
Her being ill made us worried.她生病了使我們很擔(dān)心。
Do you mind my/me opening the door?你介意我打開門嗎？
⑵ 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是由邏輯主語（名詞或代詞主格）加上分詞（包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）、形容詞、副詞、不定式、介詞短語、名詞等構(gòu)成的語法結(jié)構(gòu)。在句子中一般作狀語，表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨等。獨(dú)立主格可置于句首、句尾，用逗號與主句隔開。
如：Time permitting,we will hold a sports meet.時(shí)間允許的話，我們將進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)會。
There being no bus,we had to walk home.沒有車，我們只好步行回家。
動(dòng)詞的-ed形式也是非謂語動(dòng)詞的一種，它具有動(dòng)詞的一些特點(diǎn)，同時(shí)也具有形容詞、副詞的句法功能，在句中可用作表語、定語、狀語和賓語補(bǔ)足語等。
⒈ 動(dòng)詞的-ed形式是由動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成
動(dòng)詞的-ed形式只有一種形式，即傳統(tǒng)語法中的過去分詞。絕大部分的動(dòng)詞的-ed形式由動(dòng)詞原形加-ed構(gòu)成，也有一些動(dòng)詞的-ed形式是不規(guī)則的。
① 規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的-ed形式
② 不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的-ed形式
③ 少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作定語時(shí)，讀音與一般過去分詞不同
learned a learned professor一位知識淵博的教授
aged an aged man 老人
be loved his beloved computer 他心愛的計(jì)算機(jī)
④ 動(dòng)詞的-ed形式的否定形式
動(dòng)詞的-ed形式的否定形式是由not 或never加動(dòng)詞的-ed形式構(gòu)成。
如：Not allowed to go in,he had to wait outside.不允許他進(jìn)去，他只好在外面等著。
Never invited to his party,she got angry with him從未被邀請過去他的聚會，她很生氣。
⒉ 動(dòng)詞的-ed形式的特征
動(dòng)詞的-ed形式有被動(dòng)的意思，有時(shí)也可表示完成的動(dòng)作。
① 動(dòng)詞的-ed形式表示已完成的動(dòng)作。
除了作形容詞用的-ed形式外，動(dòng)詞的-ed形式可帶有完成的意義，有的同時(shí)也帶有被動(dòng)的意義。
如：Born and brought up in the countryside,he was interested in biology.由于在農(nóng)村出生并長大，他對生物很感興趣。
One of the glasses was found broken.有人發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一個(gè)杯子破了。
The books,written by Lu Xun,are popular with many Chinese people.魯迅寫的這些書，受到了許多中國人的喜愛。
② 及物動(dòng)詞的-ed形式一般表示被動(dòng)的意思。
如：Given more time,I could have solved that riddle.要是有充足的時(shí)間，我就能猜出那個(gè)謎語。（句子的主語I和動(dòng)詞give之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。）
When you speak English,be sure to make yourself understood.你說英語的時(shí)候，一定要讓人懂得你的意思。（動(dòng)詞make的賓語 yourself和賓語補(bǔ)足語understand之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。）
The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study.在軍隊(duì)獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)對我們的學(xué)習(xí)很有幫助。
③ 不及物動(dòng)詞的-ed形式只表示完成的意思，并不帶有被動(dòng)的含義。
如：an escaped prisoner 逃犯(=a prisoner who has escaped)
a retired worker 退休工人(=a worker who has retired)
a newly arrived guest 新來的客人（=a guest who has just arrived)
We should bring in advanced technology from developed countries from time to time.我們應(yīng)該不時(shí)地從發(fā)達(dá)國家引進(jìn)先進(jìn)技術(shù)。
People should pay attention to the changed situation.人們應(yīng)該注意到變化了的形勢。
動(dòng)詞的-ed形式在句中主要起形容詞和副詞的作用，可以作定語、表語、狀語和補(bǔ)語。
⒈ 動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作表語
① -ed形式在連系動(dòng)詞后作表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)。
如：The students are fully prepared.學(xué)生們已做好了充分的準(zhǔn)備。
When we got there,the shop was closed.我們到那兒時(shí)，商店已經(jīng)關(guān)門了。
She felt satisfied with her performance on the high-and-low bars.她對自己在高低杠上的表現(xiàn)感到很滿意。
The land remained unexploited.這片土地尚未開發(fā)。
Hearing the news,he looked disappointed.聽到這個(gè)消息，他看起來非常失望。
The top of the mountain is covered with snow all through the year.山頂上終年積雪覆蓋。
比較:
要把-ed形式作表語和被動(dòng)語態(tài)區(qū)別開來。作表語的-ed形式表示狀態(tài)，被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的-ed
形式表示被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。
如：All the doors are locked.所有的門都是鎖著的。（-ed形式作表語，表示狀態(tài)）
All the doors were locked by the guard.所有的門都被衛(wèi)兵鎖上了。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)，表示動(dòng)作）
Peter the Great is buried here.彼得大帝就埋葬在這里。（-ed形式作表語，表示狀態(tài)）
Peter the Great was buried here in 1725.彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在這里。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)，表示動(dòng)作）
② 同一動(dòng)詞的-ed形式與-ing形式作表語時(shí)的區(qū)別。
動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作表語，主要表示主語的心理感覺或所處的狀態(tài)，含有被動(dòng)的意思，而-ing形式作表語多表示主語具有的特征，含有主動(dòng)的意思。
如：They were frightened to hear the frightening sound.他們聽到那可怕的聲音很害怕。
At the sight of the moving scene,all the people present were moved.看到這么動(dòng)人的情景，所有在場的人都感動(dòng)了。
上述動(dòng)詞的-ed形式，有的（如pleased,tired,excited,disappointed等）已經(jīng)變成形容詞，可以被very，too等副詞修飾。有的（如amused，puzzled，relaxed等）還不能被very，too修飾，只能被much修飾。
如：These problems are very puzzling.這些問題很令人迷惑。
We are much puzzled by his failure to reply.他不給我們回信使我們百思不得其解。
His speech was very moving.他的演講非常感人。
All the people present were moved to tears.在場的所有人都被感動(dòng)得流淚了。
⒉ 動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語
當(dāng)作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞和前面的賓語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，一般應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作賓語
的補(bǔ)足語。
① 在感覺動(dòng)詞see,hear,feel,notice,watch,find后作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
如：I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night.昨晚我聽了第九交響樂的演奏。
We found all the rivers seriously polluted.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的河流都被嚴(yán)重污染了。
Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop.昨天我在商店里注意到一個(gè)小女孩偷東西被抓住了。
He felt his collar pulled by someone from behind.他感覺到衣領(lǐng)被人從后面拉了一下。
② 在使役動(dòng)詞get,have,make,leave,keep等后作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
⑴ 動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作get的賓語補(bǔ)足語。
如：Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital.多麗絲在醫(yī)院把壞牙拔了。
I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come.我得先把盤子洗了，然后就來。
比較：動(dòng)詞get后也可接動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，和賓語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。
如：I couldn't get the car to start this morning.今早我無法把汽車發(fā)動(dòng)起來。
He got his sister to help him with his clothes.他讓姐姐幫他洗衣服。
It is not hard to get him talking;the problem is stopping him!讓他說話不難，難的是說開了止不住他。
Can you really get that old clock going again?
⑵ 動(dòng)詞的-ed 形式作make的賓語補(bǔ)足語。
He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.他提高了嗓門為了使別人聽清他的講話。
You should make your views known to the public.你應(yīng)該讓公眾知道你的觀點(diǎn)。
注意：動(dòng)詞make后的賓語補(bǔ)足語可用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)詞的-ed形式，但不可用動(dòng)詞的-ing形式。
如：【誤】Can you make the students understanding the text.
【正】Can you make the students understand the text.你能讓學(xué)生理解這篇課文嗎?
【正】Can you make the text understood by the students 你能讓學(xué)生理解這篇課文嗎?
⑶ 動(dòng)詞的-ed 形式作 keep 或leave的賓語補(bǔ)足語。
如：They all went home,leaving all the work undone.所有的工作都沒完成，他們就回家了。
The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night.偵探和他的助手把自己整夜反鎖在房間里。
⑷ 動(dòng)詞的-ed形式也可用在with（without）結(jié)構(gòu)中，作介詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語。
如：With everything we'll arranged,he left the office.一切都安排妥善之后，他離開了辦公室。
She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books.她已經(jīng)回來了，背包里塞滿了有趣的圖書。
Without any grain left in the house,the little girl had to go begging.家里沒有糧食，小女孩只好出去討飯。
Without any more time given,we couldn't finish the task in three weeks.如果不再給我們?nèi)魏螘r(shí)間的話，我們?nèi)瞧谥畠?nèi)完成不了任務(wù)。
⑸ 某些動(dòng)詞后（如want，need,prefer，would like等），作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式被動(dòng)形式省略“to be”，就成了-ed形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
如：I would like this matter (to be)settled immediately.我希望這事立即得到解決。
I'd prefer this book translated by my sister.我情愿讓我妹妹來翻譯這本書。
We need the work (to be)finished by Saturday.我們需要這項(xiàng)工作周六之前完成。
The peasants don't want good farmland (to be)built on.農(nóng)民們不想讓好好的農(nóng)田被用來建造房子。
⒊ 動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作定語
動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作定語修飾名詞分為前置和后置兩類。
① 前置定語
單個(gè)的動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作定語一般放在被修飾的名詞之前，作前置定語。
如：A watched pot never boils.心急鍋不開。
All the broken doors and windows have been repaired.所有的壞門窗都修好了。
When we arrived,we each were given a printed question paper.我們到達(dá)的時(shí)候，每人被發(fā)給了一份印制好的試卷。
提示：如要表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，單個(gè)動(dòng)詞-ed形式也可作后置定語。
Money spent is more than money earned.入不敷出。
② 后置定語
作后置定語的-ed形式一般都帶有修飾語或其他成分，在語法上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。
We have read many novels written by this author.我們讀過這個(gè)作家寫的許多小說。（=that are written by this author)
Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors.被邀請到招待會上的貴賓有一半都是外國大使。（=who had been invited to the reception)
The meeting,attended by one thousand students,was a success.這次會議獲得很大的成功，共有一千名學(xué)生出席了。(=which was attended by one thousand students)
A woman,dressed like a lawyer,came in and took her seat as judge.一個(gè)律師裝扮的女人走了進(jìn)來，并作為法官就座。(=who was dressed like a lawyer)
③ 動(dòng)詞的-ed 形式作定語和-ing形式作定語的區(qū)別
動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作定語表示動(dòng)作已完成或和被動(dòng)，而-ing形式作定語表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或和主動(dòng)。
the risen sun 升起了的太陽
the rising sun 正在升起的太陽
boiled water開水
boiling water正沸騰的水
developed countries發(fā)達(dá)國家
developing countries發(fā)展中國家
fallen leaves落葉
falling leaves正在飄落的葉子
changed condition改變了的情況
changing condition變化著的情況
⒋ 動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作狀語
動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作狀語和-ing形式作狀語一樣，也可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方
式或伴隨情況等。
① 表示時(shí)間
動(dòng)詞的-ed 形式作狀語表示時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句。
如：Seen from the tower,the city looks beautiful.從塔上往下看，城市顯得很美麗。(=When the city is seen from the tower...)
Shown the lab,we were taken to see the library.帶我們參觀了實(shí)驗(yàn)室之后，又帶我們參觀了圖書館。(=After we had been shown the lab...)
Completely examined by the doctors,he went back to school right away.經(jīng)過醫(yī)生徹底檢查以后，他立刻回到了學(xué)校。（=After he was completely examined...)
提示：有時(shí)動(dòng)詞的-ed形式前可加連詞when 或while來強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念。
如：When asked why she was late for class again,she hung her head in shame.當(dāng)被問到為什么上課又遲到時(shí)，她羞愧地低下了頭。
Once recovered,he went all out to do his work.一恢復(fù)健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。
Once started,the clock will go half a month and keep good time.一旦給這鐘上了發(fā)條，它就會走半個(gè)月，并且走得很準(zhǔn)。
② 表示原因
動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作狀語表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。
如：Moved by the heroic deeds,the children couldn't help crying.孩子們被英雄事跡感動(dòng)，情不自禁地哭了起來。(=Since they were moved by the heroic deeds..)
Written in haste,her letter is very hard to read.因?yàn)閷懙每?，她的信很難閱讀。(=As it was written in haste...)
Excited by the new discovery,we decided to go out and celebrate.我們因?yàn)樾掳l(fā)現(xiàn)而激動(dòng)萬分，決定出去慶祝一下。(Because we were excited by...)
注意：為了使-ed形式表示的條件、動(dòng)詞讓步意義更加明顯，我們可以加上適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞。
如：Even if invited,I won't go.即使受到邀請，我也不去。
Though beaten by the opposite team they did not lose heart.雖然被對手打敗，便他們并沒有喪失信心。
Unless invited,he will not come back to the company.除非被邀請，不然他不會回到公司來的。
③ 表示條件
動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作狀語表示條件，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句。
Heated,water changes into steam加熱，水就能變成蒸汽。(=If water is heated...)
Given more time,he would be able to do better.假如多給一些時(shí)間，他會干得更出色。(=If he was given more time..)
Compared with other professors,she was an excellent speaker.與其他教授相比，她是一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的演說家。
④ 表示讓步
動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作狀語表示讓步，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)though/although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。
如：Exhausted by the running,they went on running after the robber.盡管已經(jīng)跑得筋疲力盡，他們還是繼續(xù)追趕著那個(gè)強(qiáng)盜。(=Although they were exhausted by the running..)
Laughed at by many people,he continued his research.盡管被許多人嘲笑，他還是繼續(xù)他的研究。(=Even if he was laughed by many people...)
Questioned many times a day,Andrew kept silent over the murder.盡管一天被盤問了多次，安德魯仍然對那件謀殺案保持沉默。
提示：有時(shí)動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作狀語和動(dòng)詞的-ing形式的被動(dòng)式作狀語，并沒有多大的區(qū)別，可以互換。
如：Suddenly seized with a high fever,he was unable to attend school.他因突然發(fā)熱不能來上學(xué)。=Being suddenly seized with a high fever,he was unable to attend school.他因突然發(fā)熱不能來上學(xué)。
Brought up in the countryside,he found it hard to get used to town life.因?yàn)槭窃谵r(nóng)村長大的，他感到很難適應(yīng)城市生活。=Having been brought up in the countryside,he found it hard to get used to town life.因?yàn)槭窃谵r(nóng)村長大的，他感到很難適應(yīng)城市生活。
⑤ 表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說明。
動(dòng)詞的-ed 形式作狀語表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說明時(shí)，通常位于句子的后面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句。
如：The teacher stood there,surrounded by the students.老師站在那兒，被學(xué)生圍住了。(=and he was surrounded by the students)
He went into the office,followed by some children.他走進(jìn)辦公室，后面跟著一些孩子。(=and he was followed by some children)
They turned around and stood in the middle of the room,completely astonished.他們轉(zhuǎn)過身來，站在房間中央，完全驚呆了。
She accepted the gift,deeply moved.她接受了禮物，深深地感動(dòng)了。
注意：動(dòng)詞的-ed形式在句中不能用作主語或賓語。
如：【誤】Invited to the state banquet is a great honour.
【正】To be invited to the state banquet is a great honour.被邀請出席國宴是極大的榮耀。
【誤】I cannot stand laughed at.
【正】I cannot stand being laughed at.我不能容忍被人嘲笑。
⒊ 動(dòng)詞的-ed形式的邏輯主語
① 動(dòng)詞的-ed形式在句中作狀語和表語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語一般來說就是句子的主語，-ed形式和主語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
如：Locked up,he had no way to escape.他被鎖了起來，沒有辦法逃跑了。
Lost in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him.他陷入了沉思，幾乎撞到了前面的汽車。
She became discouraged at the news.聽到這個(gè)消息，她泄氣了。
Though it was 1000 a.m,the door of the shop remained locked.盡管已經(jīng)是上午10點(diǎn)了，商店的門仍然鎖著。
② 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞的-ed形式在句中作定語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語是被它修飾的名詞，它和名詞之間
是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
如：The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.第一批編寫出來作為英語教材的課本是16世紀(jì)出版的。
The computer center,opened last year,is very popular among the students in this school.去年開辦的計(jì)算機(jī)中心深受這所學(xué)校的學(xué)生喜愛。
A lighted candle lit up the cellar.一支點(diǎn)燃的蠟燭照亮了地下室。
③ 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞的-ed形式在句中作賓語補(bǔ)語或主語補(bǔ)語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語是句子的主語或賓語，它們之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
如：Vivien got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain.薇薇安把手指卡在自行車鏈條里了。（trapped的邏輯主語是句子的賓語 fingers)
The valuable vase was found stolen.那個(gè)珍貴的花瓶發(fā)現(xiàn)被盜了。（stolen的邏輯主語是句子的主語 vase)
We got home only to find the whole house turned upside down.Thieves obviously had broken in.我們回到家發(fā)現(xiàn)整幢房子被翻得亂七八糟，很明顯小偷闖進(jìn)來了。
④ 動(dòng)詞的-ed形式有時(shí)可有其獨(dú)立的邏輯主語，常用作狀語。
如：Everything done,we went home.一切事情都做完了，我們就回家了。
All our money run out,Henry had to find another job.我們的錢都用完了，亨利不得不再找一份工作。
He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head.他躺在草地上，頭枕著雙手。
All things considered,the planned trip will have to be called off.考慮到所有的情況，原來計(jì)劃好的旅行不得不取消。
⑤ 動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作獨(dú)立成分。
動(dòng)詞的-ed形式的一些固定詞組也可在句中作獨(dú)立成分，不受邏輯主語的限制。
如：frankly,I don't agree with what he said.坦白地說，我不同意他所說的。
Given the general state of his health,it may take him a while to recover from the operation.考慮到他一般的身體狀況，手術(shù)后的恢復(fù)可能需要一段時(shí)間。
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