三、現(xiàn)在完成時(have/has done, have/has been done)1.現(xiàn)在完成時常用的時間狀語有l(wèi)ately，recently，just，already，yet，up to now，till now，so far，to this day，in the past few years/months/weeks/days，over the past few years，during the last three months，for the last few centuries，through centuries，throughout history等。2.在時間狀語從句中，謂語動詞可以用現(xiàn)在完成時代替將來完成時。例如：Mother won’t let her watch TV until she has finished her homework.母親要到她做完作業(yè)才讓她看電視。The dinner party will begin after all the guests arrive/have arrived.所有的客人到了以后，聚餐就開始了。3.has/have been to與has/have gone to的區(qū)別。has/have been to表示“曾去過”，說明有某種經(jīng)歷；has/have gone to表示“已去某地(在途中或已經(jīng)到達(dá)目的地)。例如：They have been to Sweden many times.他們?nèi)ミ^瑞典許多次了。Jack isn’t in. He has gone to the supermarket.杰克不在，他去超市了。4.現(xiàn)在完成時特別強調(diào)瞬間動詞和持續(xù)性動詞。瞬間動詞表示短暫、不能持續(xù)一段時間的動作，如come，go，leave，start，begin，become，receive，die，而持續(xù)性動詞表示能持續(xù)一段時間的動作，如work，stay，live，learn等。下面列舉一些常用的瞬間動詞和對應(yīng)的持續(xù)性動詞：leave，be away；die，be dead；put on，wear；fall ill，be ill；borrow，keep；catch cold，have a cold；buy，have；join the army，be in the army。例如：My brother has been in the army for some time.我兄弟參軍有一段時間了。My brother joined the army some time ago.我兄弟是一段時間以前參的軍。He has been up for an hour.他起床有一小時了。He got up an hour ago.他一小時前起的床。Jack has been a soldier for some time.杰克當(dāng)兵有段時間了。Jack became a soldier some time ago.杰克是在一段時間前當(dāng)?shù)谋?div style="height:15px;">
但是，瞬間動詞的肯定結(jié)構(gòu)可以用不與“for+時間段”連用的現(xiàn)在完成時，說明某個動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生；瞬間動詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)可以與“for+時間段”連用，說明某動作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)可以持續(xù)一段時間。例如：Hurry up! The film has begun.快一點！電影已經(jīng)開始了。We haven’t heard from her for a long time.我們很久沒收到她的來信了。5.句型It is/has been + 時間段 + since(從句的謂語動詞用一般過去時) 例如：It is two months since they came here.他們來這里兩個月了。It is ten years since his father died.他父親去世有十年了。6.持續(xù)性動詞用于含有till/until的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，表示該動作一直持續(xù)到某時間終止；而瞬間動詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)用于till/until句子中，表示某動作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)延續(xù)到某時間終止，可譯為“直到……才……”。例如：They went on working till supper time.他們繼續(xù)工作到晚餐時間。They didn’t stop wording till supper time.他們一直到晚餐時間才停止工作。I will stay until you come.我會等到你來。I won’t leave until you come.直到你來了，我才會離開。7.句型this is the first/ second/ third … time that(從句的謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時) 例如：This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.這是我公司產(chǎn)品第二次參加國際展覽會。四、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(have/has been doing, 一般不用該時態(tài)的被動語態(tài))與現(xiàn)在完成時相比，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時更強調(diào)，在從過去到現(xiàn)在的時間里，動作或狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)或一直反復(fù)出現(xiàn)。例如：It seems oil has been leaking from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right. 看來，這個管道漏油已有一段時間了，我們將不得不拆卸機器排除故障。At last you come! I have been waiting for you for the whole morning.你終于來了，整個上午我都在等你。五、一般過去時(did, was/were done)1.有些句子中雖然沒有表示確定過去時間的狀語，但根據(jù)上下文的情景可以推斷出是過去發(fā)生的動作，此時也應(yīng)用一般過去時。例如：I didn’t know you were here.我不知道你在這里。(說這句話的時候，我已經(jīng)知道你在這里了，所以用一般過去時)I forgot to bring my dictionary with me.我忘記帶字典了。(說這句話的時候，我已經(jīng)想起要帶字典)2.一般過去時用于時間或條件狀語從句中，代替過去將來時。例如：She promised that she wouldn’t tell their mother about it when their mother came back.她答應(yīng)當(dāng)他們的媽媽回來時，她不會把這件事告訴她。He said that he would give her the book if he saw her.他說如果他看到她，他會把這本書給她。3.一般過去時有時可代替一般現(xiàn)在時，表達(dá)一種婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣、禮貌、商量的語氣。例如：I want to ask you if I could borrow your car?我想向您借車用一用，可以嗎？Could you tell me how to get to the nearest post office?您能告訴我去最近的郵局怎么走嗎？六、過去進(jìn)行時(was/were doing, was/were being done)1.過去進(jìn)行時常常用于敘述事件、故事發(fā)生的背景。例如：It was raining heavily. The wind was blowing. A group of soldiers were marching along the highway … 天下著大雨。風(fēng)猛烈地刮著。一群士兵正沿著公路行軍……2.過去進(jìn)行時與一般過去時的區(qū)別在于，前者強調(diào)過去某時刻或階段動作的進(jìn)行，不表明動作的完成，后者表示過去某動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，表明動作已經(jīng)完成。例如：They were digging a well last winter. So far they haven’t finished it.他們?nèi)ツ甓煸谕诰?，至今還未完成。They dug a well last winter.他們?nèi)ツ甓焱诹丝诰?div style="height:15px;">
He was designing a project last night. He is going to finish it tonight.昨天晚上他正在設(shè)計一個項目，他打算今晚完成。He designed a project last night. He is going to submit it to the manager today.昨天晚上他設(shè)計了一個項目，他打算今天交給經(jīng)理。七、過去完成時(had done, had been done)1.在hardly/scarcely … when，no sooner … than等句型中，主句用過去完成時，從句用一般過去時。例如：No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang.我剛到家，電話鈴就響了。(注意主謂倒裝)Hardly had I finished my work when he came to see me.我剛完成工作，他就來看我了。I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.我剛進(jìn)屋里，天就下雪了。The very important person had hardly got out of the car when it exploded.這位重要人物剛下車，車子就發(fā)上了爆炸。2.句型It was + 時間段 + since(從句的謂語動詞用過去完成時) 例如：It was two months since they had come here.他們來這里兩個月了。It was ten years since his father had died.他父親去世有十年了。3.句型this was the first/ second/ third … time that(從句的謂語動詞用過去完成時) 例如：That was the second that she had seen her grandfather.那是她第二次看見外祖父。This was the third time that the refrigerator had been repaired.冰箱已經(jīng)修了三次了。4.動詞hope，expect，think，intend，mean，want，suppose，plan用過去完成時，表示未實現(xiàn)的愿望、打算和意圖。例如：I had intended to see you but I was too busy.我本來打算去看你的，但是我太忙了。I had planned to buy the premises. The high price forced me into renting it.我本來打算買下這棟房屋，但是其昂貴的價格使得我只能租借。八、一般將來時(is/am/are going to do, will/shall do, is/am/are going to be done, will/shall be done)1.同樣表示一般將來時，be going to do和will/shall do的區(qū)別在于，前者是主觀上的打算、意圖發(fā)生的動作，后者是客觀的情況下即將要發(fā)生的動作。例如：Look, the milk is going to boil.瞧，牛奶要開了。(說話者個人的認(rèn)為)Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.看那些云，天要下雨了。(說話者個人的認(rèn)為，如果說It will rain，那是毫無意義的，因為天總是會下雨的)Look out! The wall is going to fall.當(dāng)心！這堵墻要倒塌了。Tomorrow will be Wednesday.明天是星期三。(這是不以說話者個人的意志為轉(zhuǎn)移的)2.有時候，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時可以用來表示將來，詳情請見現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時。3.一般現(xiàn)在時還可以用be to do或者be about to do的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。be to do表示按計劃、安排即將發(fā)生某事或打算做某事，be about to do強調(diào)近期內(nèi)或馬上要做的事。例如：She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.星期一你準(zhǔn)會在實驗室見到她。Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.別擔(dān)心，我馬上就給你做一次仔細(xì)的檢查。4.在以if，when，as long as，as soon as，after，before，in case，until，unless等連詞以及具有連詞作用的副詞(immediately，the moment，directly)等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，一般用現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，強調(diào)延續(xù)性或動態(tài)時，可用完成時。詳情請見一般現(xiàn)在時和現(xiàn)在完成時。例如：I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.我希望到明年你回來的時候，他的身體已經(jīng)好多了。九、將來完成時(is going to have done, will have done, 一般不用該時態(tài)的被動語態(tài))1.常用的時間狀語一般用by + 將來時間。如：by the end of this year，by 8 o’clock this evening，by March next year以及由by the time…，before或when等引導(dǎo)的副詞從句。例如：By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.等你到車站的時候，火車早就開走了。The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.會議將持續(xù)整整一周。2.在時間和條件狀語從句中，將來完成時則由現(xiàn)在完成時表示。例如：The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school孩子們放學(xué)一回到家，就做作業(yè)。十、語態(tài)1.被動語態(tài)的謂語動詞可以是及物動詞，也可以是不及物動詞。當(dāng)謂語動詞是不及物動詞時，其后的介詞與其形成不可分割的整體，也就是我們所謂的被動語態(tài)中的短語動詞。在被動語態(tài)中，切勿遺漏短語動詞的介詞。例如：The sick boy must be attended to immediately.這個生病的男孩必須被立即醫(yī)治。The fire had been put out before the fireman arrived.消防隊員趕來以前，大火就被撲滅了。2.有些動詞和詞組時不可以被用于被動語態(tài)的。appear，arrive，become，belong，break out，come true，consist of，die，exist，fail，fall，happen， last， occur， rise， succeed，take place等。3.有些動詞的主動語態(tài)表示被動意義，而且常與well，quite，easily，badly等副詞連用。blame，cut，lock，read，ride，sell，wash，wear，write等。例如：The book sells well.這本書很暢銷。This kind of knife cuts well.這種類型的刀很好使。Who is to blame for the accident?誰應(yīng)該為這次事故而受到責(zé)備？The car rides smoothly.這車走起來很穩(wěn)。
