倒裝(Inversion)是一種語法手段,用以表示一定句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要和強(qiáng)調(diào)某一句子成分的需要。英語的最基本結(jié)構(gòu)是主、謂結(jié)構(gòu),倒裝就是將這種比較固定的結(jié)構(gòu)加以顛倒。
倒裝有兩種:
將主語和謂語完全顛倒過來,叫做完全倒裝(Complete Inversion)。
只將助動(dòng)詞(包括情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)移至主語之前,叫做部分倒裝(PartialInversion)
考點(diǎn)一：表示地點(diǎn)狀語、運(yùn)動(dòng)方向和時(shí)間的副詞或者介詞放在句首時(shí)，句子要全部倒裝。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)這些詞有：
here, there, up, down, out, away, now, then, thus
There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.
In each room are ten students.
注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。
Here he comes.
Away they went.
There goes the bell.
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
Ahead sat an old woman.
考點(diǎn)二：當(dāng)含有否定意義的詞或短語放在句首時(shí)，要用部分倒裝。將謂語的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do,does或did，并將其置于主語之前。這類詞包括：
not, never, neither, seldom, little, nowhere, hardly, scarcely,rarely, no longer, not until, at no time, by no means, on noaccount, in no case, under no circumstances, on no account, notonly … but also…,no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely…when 等等。
On no account will the manager tolerate rudeness from hisemployees.
Nowhere in the world can you find a man who loves you somuch.
Not until he came back did I leave. ()
（注意：注意：只能是主句的主謂倒裝且只有當(dāng)Not only… butalso連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，才在第一個(gè)分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的Notonly… but also僅連接兩個(gè)并列詞語，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。Not only you butalso I am fond of music.）
注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
在以often,always,once,many a time,now andthen,then等做狀語（表頻率）的詞位于句首是。
考點(diǎn)三： as +adj. / adv. 以及“to such a degree, to such an extent,to such a point.”放在句首， 表示程度，句子要倒裝。
To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced toretire.
So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat andsleep.
考點(diǎn)四：虛擬語氣中，省去if 后， 從句需要倒裝。
Had he not been promoted, he never have remained with thecompany.
（＝ If he had not been promoted, …）
Should you change your mind, no one would blame you.
Were he to leave today, he would get there by Monday.
Had I known what was going to happen, I would never have done sucha thing.
本來為If I had known what…
考點(diǎn)五：“only + 狀語”放在句首時(shí)，句子需要倒裝。
Only by working hard can you achieve your goal.
Only in this way can we solve this problem successfully andeffectively.
考點(diǎn)六： 由as 或though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句有時(shí)也用倒裝句，即把表語或部分謂語提前。（形容詞,副詞, 分詞, 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前）。
Patient though / as he was, he was unwilling to wait threehours.
他雖有耐心，但也不愿意等三個(gè)小時(shí)。
Child as / though he was, he had a good command of English.
他雖然是個(gè)孩子，但已經(jīng)熟知英語。
Try as he might, he couldn’t the box.不管他想什么辦法，都沒法打開那個(gè)箱子。
注意：
1) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。
2) 句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語和狀語, 隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the worksatisfactorily.
注意:
讓步狀語從句中，有though，although時(shí)，后面的主句不能有but，但是though 和yet可連用。
考點(diǎn)七：由be 引起的倒裝句表示讓步，并帶有虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)，即 be用原形。
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them,went quite smoothly.
( be it selling…= whether in may be selling …)
每天的生意，無論是售貨還是運(yùn)貨，都進(jìn)行得很順利。
Be it so humble, there is no place like home.
( be it so humble = However humble it may be,…)
金窩銀窩，不如自己的草窩。
倒裝句的種類
倒裝分兩種：語法倒裝和強(qiáng)調(diào)語勢(shì)倒裝。
語法倒裝
語法上的倒裝句是強(qiáng)制性的，包括下列 7 種：
1. 疑問句和特殊疑問句要倒裝
Are you cold?
Does he go to school by bike?
Can you do it?
How old are you?
When did you know him?
[注意]若疑問詞在句中作主語或主語的定語時(shí)，不倒裝。
Who is your English teacher?
Whose father is a worker?
What happened last night?
2.直接引語的全部或一部分放在句首時(shí)，引述動(dòng)詞和它的主語有時(shí)裝。
“May I come in and take a rest?” asked the pool girl.
“Get out of the room!” shouted the angry woman.
3. 表示“愿望”的句子\祈使句中出現(xiàn)的倒裝如：
May God bless you.
May you succeed! 祝你成功！
Long live the king!
Long live the People's Republic of China!
Long may he live! 愿他長(zhǎng)命百歲！
Don't you open the door. Don't anyone open the door.
祈使句一般無主語，有時(shí)也有主語出現(xiàn)。祈使句的主語要重讀，代詞也要重讀（陳述句的主語一般不重讀）。祈使句常用句號(hào)。表示一種強(qiáng)烈感情時(shí)，句子用感嘆號(hào)。
4.There+助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+主語+地點(diǎn)/時(shí)間的句型”引導(dǎo)的句子，如：
There are many cars on the road.
There is a security guard outside the bank.
There was not an underground in Beijing before.
There are not many people who want to read this book..
There will be a basketball match this afternoon.
[注意]這種倒裝句在There seems/happened/used/lived/came tobe等句型中也同樣適用。
There came the engineer.工程師來了。
There happened to be a friend of mine in thepark.碰巧在公園里有我的一個(gè)朋友。
There once lived an old fisherman in a village by thesea.在海邊的一個(gè)村莊里曾經(jīng)住著一個(gè)老漁民。
5. 感嘆句，如：
1)．What 引導(dǎo)的感嘆句
（1） What a happy life we have had！(賓語在主語前面)
（2） What a fine day it is!（表語在主語前面）
（3） What a shining example Comrade Lei Feng has set us!
2)．How 引導(dǎo)的感嘆句
（1）How happy we are!（表語在前面）
（2）How hard they are working!（狀語在前面）
（3）How nice a day it is!
3)．副詞引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)的感嘆句
（1）There comes the bus!
（2）In come the students!
（3）Off goes the worker!
What 或 how 引導(dǎo)的句子，主謂也有不倒裝的。
What所強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)是名詞，這一名詞一般是表語或賓語，有時(shí)所強(qiáng)調(diào)的名詞可能是主語。例如：Whatenormous crowd came! （《當(dāng)代英語語法》中冊(cè) P87）。What也可單獨(dú)使用。例句：What she suffered in the olddays!（《英語分類句型》 P90）
How 修飾形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞。有時(shí) how many的搭配也可修飾名詞。For how many years have I waited!該短語作狀語。（《當(dāng)代英語語法》）
副詞引導(dǎo)詞位于句首，一方面為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，另一方面使情景生動(dòng)。主語是名詞時(shí)，主謂倒裝；如果主語是人稱代詞，主謂不倒裝。例如：Awayhe went to the station!
6. 連接詞“so, neither,nor”的句子，so/neither/nor+be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語如：
Mary can ride a bicycle; so can I.
He can't sing; neither can she.
Tom has never been late; nor have I.
7. 虛擬語氣條件從句中的if如果省略時(shí)，要把句中的were, had,should移至主語之前。
Were I you, I would not do such a thing.
Should the machine break down again, send it back to us.
Had you worked harder, you would have passed.
8. “as, however”連接的讓步副詞分句，如：
Small as the pen is, it is a powerful weapon.
However busy you are, you should spend some time on it.
強(qiáng)調(diào)倒裝句
1. 在以never, hardly, not only, nor, little, seldom, nowhere, notuntil, hardly…when, no sooner…than, by nomeans等表示否定或半否定意義的副詞或詞組開頭的句子中，該句主謂要倒裝。其句型是：否定或半否定的副詞或詞組+be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語
Never have I seen such a wicked man.
On no account must this employee be fired.
Not until he told me had I heard anything of it.
No sooner had I left than the rain came.
Up jumped the puppy.
In came John.
Down fell the rotten branches from the tree.
Out came a woman and her maid.
2. 以here, there, now, in ,out, up, down, away,then等副詞開頭的句子中，句子要倒裝，以示強(qiáng)調(diào)。習(xí)慣上，除以then開頭的句子用過去時(shí)外，其余一般使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
There goes the bell.鈴聲響了。
There comes the bus! 汽車來了。
Out rushed the children.孩子們沖出來了。
Now comes your turn.現(xiàn)在輪到你了。
Then came a new difficulty.接著有個(gè)新難題。
[注意] 在這種句型中，如果主語是代詞時(shí)就不倒裝。
Here you are.
There he comes.
3. (1)Many happy hours she had spent planning for something nicefor him.
(2)Twenty-one dollars they took for it.
(3)Not a single mistake did he make.
(4)Only a dictionary he never forgets to bring here.
賓語在前時(shí)，多數(shù)屬于強(qiáng)調(diào)部分，句子一般不加助動(dòng)詞，偶爾也有助動(dòng)詞出現(xiàn)，如例句(3)。
倒裝句的應(yīng)用：
英語句子的倒裝一是由于語法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要而進(jìn)行的倒裝,二是由于修辭的需要而進(jìn)行的倒裝。前一種情況,倒裝是必須的,否則就會(huì)出現(xiàn)語法錯(cuò)誤;后一種情況,倒裝是選擇性的,倒裝與否只會(huì)產(chǎn)生表達(dá)效果上的差異。下面本文就擬從其修辭功能談?wù)劦寡b句的用法。
一、表示強(qiáng)調(diào):
倒裝句最突出、最常見的修辭效果就是強(qiáng)調(diào),其表現(xiàn)形式如下:
1.only在句首修飾一個(gè)狀語或狀語從句時(shí)，該句的住謂要倒裝。句型為only+狀語/狀語從句+be/ 助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語
例1:Only in this way can you solve this problem.只有用這種方法,你才可以解決這個(gè)問題。
例2:Only after he hadspoken out the word did he realize he had made a bigmistake.只有當(dāng)他已經(jīng)說出那個(gè)字后才意識(shí)到自己犯了個(gè)大錯(cuò)誤。
2.not,little,hardly,scarcely,no more,no longer,in noway,never,seldom,not only,nosooner等具有否定意義的詞或詞組位于句首,句子用部分倒裝。
例1: No sooner had I gothome than it began to rain. 我剛到家就下起了雨。
例2: Seldom do I go towork by bus. 我很少乘公共汽車上班。
3. so /such...that結(jié)構(gòu)中的so或such位于句首可以構(gòu)成部分倒裝句,表示強(qiáng)調(diào)so/such和that之間的部分。
例1:So unreasonable washis price that everybody startled.他的要價(jià)太離譜,令每個(gè)人都瞠目結(jié)舌。
例2:To such length didshe go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out.她的彩排進(jìn)行得那么長(zhǎng),以致于那兩個(gè)演員都走出去了。
以上各例都用倒裝語序突出了句首成分,其語氣較自然語序強(qiáng)烈,因而具有極佳的修辭效果。
二、承上啟下
有時(shí)倒裝可把前一句說到的人或物,或與前一句有聯(lián)系的人或物在下一句緊接著先說出來,從而使前后兩句在意思上的關(guān)系更加清楚,銜接更加緊密,起到承上啟下的作用。
例1: They broke into heruncle's bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Aroundhis head was a brown snake.他們破門進(jìn)入她叔叔的臥室,發(fā)現(xiàn)他躺在地板上死了。一條棕褐色的蛇纏在他頭上。
例2: We really shouldnot resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers weshall remain. 我們確實(shí)不應(yīng)因?yàn)楸环Q作窮光蛋而憤憤不
平。我們的確是窮光蛋,而且還會(huì)繼續(xù)是窮光蛋。
三、制造懸念,渲染氣氛
在新聞或文學(xué)創(chuàng)作中,有時(shí)為了內(nèi)容的需要,或是為了強(qiáng)調(diào),作者常常運(yùn)用倒裝來制造懸念,渲染氣氛。如:
Hanging on the wall wasa splendid painting. 墻上掛著一幅精美的圖畫。
再如朗費(fèi)羅(Longfellow)《雪花》中的一節(jié):
Out of the bosom of theAir,
Out of the cloud-foldsof her garments shaken,
Over the woodlands brownand bare,
Over the harvest-fieldsforsaken,
Silent, and soft, andslow,
Descends thesnow.
在這一節(jié)詩里,詩人就富有創(chuàng)意地運(yùn)用了倒裝。在前五行中,詩人堆砌了七個(gè)狀語,狀語連續(xù)出現(xiàn)而主語和謂語卻遲遲未露,造成一種懸念效應(yīng)。全節(jié)讀罷 ,讀者才對(duì)詩歌的主題恍然大悟,因而收到了不同凡響的藝術(shù)效果。
四、平衡結(jié)構(gòu)
英語修辭的一個(gè)重要原則是尾重原則,即把句子最復(fù)雜的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在語言使用中為了避免產(chǎn)生頭重腳輕、結(jié)構(gòu)不平衡的句子,我們常采用倒裝語序。
1.以作狀語的介詞短語開頭:當(dāng)主語較長(zhǎng)或主語所帶修飾語較長(zhǎng)時(shí),為了使句子平衡,常將狀語置于句首,句子用完全倒裝語序。
例1:A. To the coal minecame a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquartersto rescue the trapped miners.
B. A company of PLAsoldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters torescue the trapped miners.
一個(gè)連隊(duì)的解放軍戰(zhàn)士來到了那座煤礦,奉司令部之命解救受困的礦工。
例2:A. On the ground laysome air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some othercities.
B. Some air conditionerslay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some othercities.
地上放著一些空調(diào),等著用船運(yùn)到其他城市去。
從例句中可看出,采用倒裝語序的A句結(jié)構(gòu)平衡穩(wěn)妥,讀起來自然流暢,而采用自然語序的B句結(jié)構(gòu)零亂,讀起來也別扭。因而,在主語較長(zhǎng)時(shí)就應(yīng)采用倒裝語序以取得理想的表達(dá)效果。
2.以表語開頭的句子:有時(shí)為了把較長(zhǎng)的主語放在后面,須將表語和謂語都提到主語前。如:
Such would be our homein the future. 我們將來的家就是這個(gè)樣子。
3. 以副詞here ,there開頭的句子,也采用完全倒裝來保持句子平衡。如:
Here is the letter youhave been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在這兒。
五、使描寫生動(dòng)
有時(shí)為了使敘述或描繪更加生動(dòng)形象,增加語言效果,可將表示方向的副詞(如:down,up, out, in, off, on, away等)或擬聲詞(bang,crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒裝的語序(主語為人稱代詞的句子除外)。如:
Up went the rocket intothe air. 嗖地一聲火箭就飛上天了。
Down jumped the criminalfrom the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him.當(dāng)警察把手槍瞄準(zhǔn)那個(gè)罪犯時(shí),嘭地一下他就從三樓跳了下去。
Boom went the cannon!轟隆一聲大炮開火了!
Bang came anothershot!砰!又是一聲槍響!
以上句子簡(jiǎn)潔明快,生動(dòng)逼真地描述了有關(guān)動(dòng)作,令我們一覽此類倒裝的風(fēng)采。但這種倒裝句的修辭功能在語段中可以體現(xiàn)得更為清楚。
“Stop thief! Stopthief!” There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaveshis counter, ... Away they run, pell—mell, helter—skelter,yelling—screaming, ...
“Stop thief ! Stopthief !” The cry is taking by a hundred voices, ... Away they fly,splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. (Dickens )
作者在第一段和第二段中分別用副詞away,up和out位于句首引出四個(gè)倒裝句Away they run , Away they fly, up gothe window , out run the people。從而制造出一種緊張、急促的氣氛,生動(dòng)地刻畫了一個(gè)緊張、混亂的捉賊場(chǎng)面。
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