專題 短文改錯(cuò)
1 命題趨勢(shì)分析
一．短文改錯(cuò)的主要特點(diǎn)
1．內(nèi)容大都是學(xué)生身邊或社會(huì)生活中常見(jiàn)的話題。以記敘文為主，有時(shí)也有說(shuō)明文或應(yīng)用文。
2．內(nèi)容相對(duì)獨(dú)立、完整。命題的總原則是整篇理解、分行解題。
3．語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)單易懂，沒(méi)有生僻的詞匯或繁難的句法結(jié)構(gòu)；短文的詞數(shù)為120左右。
4．考查要點(diǎn)覆蓋面廣, 分布合理。涉及詞法、句法、行文邏輯等三個(gè)方面。
二．短文改錯(cuò)的常見(jiàn)類型
縱觀近幾年高考題中的短文改錯(cuò), 不難看出,其錯(cuò)誤形式基本上為：錯(cuò)詞占6行左右; 正確占1 行; 多詞和缺詞一般占3 行左右。錯(cuò)誤類型主要涉及動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞、冠詞、代詞、介詞、連詞、主謂一致、固定結(jié)構(gòu)等語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。其中, 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等是考查重點(diǎn)。
2考點(diǎn)知識(shí)精講
一、短文改錯(cuò)的解題基本思路
1．通讀全文，掌握大意
首先，要認(rèn)真閱讀短文，把握全篇主旨，弄清上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，了解文章所創(chuàng)設(shè)的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境，為正確判斷創(chuàng)造條件。
2．整句理解，逐行找錯(cuò)。
在讀懂文章之后，要逐句逐行地找錯(cuò)。分析每個(gè)句子中句法、語(yǔ)法、行文邏輯等方面是否有錯(cuò)，要做到逐行分析，不可遺漏，句與句之間要注意連詞的用法。
3．由易到難，各個(gè)擊破
改錯(cuò)要從最簡(jiǎn)單、最熟悉的項(xiàng)目入手，先從語(yǔ)法的角度入手，再?gòu)倪壿嫹矫婵紤]，最后推敲難題。
4．檢查核對(duì)，規(guī)范改正
最后瀏覽改后的全文，看全篇是否語(yǔ)義通順，注意正確行。 要特別注意規(guī)范改正錯(cuò)誤, 嚴(yán)格按照示范規(guī)定符號(hào)和要求去改。切忌文字說(shuō)明或用箭頭表示。
二．短文改錯(cuò)的設(shè)題方式
一．錯(cuò)詞：
錯(cuò)詞的情況歸納起來(lái)大致可分為虛詞選擇錯(cuò)誤、實(shí)詞詞形錯(cuò)誤、同(近)義詞、形似詞選擇錯(cuò)誤等。
1．虛詞錯(cuò)誤
①介詞錯(cuò)誤。介詞錯(cuò)誤主要集中在介詞的固定搭配、介詞多詞義的用法以及一些意義相近介詞、副詞和連詞的混用等。
1.After five years away in my hometown，I find that the neighborhood which I used to live in has changed a lot.(09全國(guó)卷I)
析：“從……離開，遠(yuǎn)離”應(yīng)為短語(yǔ) away from，不能與in搭配。應(yīng)將in改為from。
② 連詞錯(cuò)誤主要表現(xiàn): 句與句之間的關(guān)系混淆，是并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、承接、還是表原因；連詞與介詞、副詞的混用，一些連詞具有多重功能和詞性以及意義相近連詞的區(qū)別等。
1.I meant to give it back to you before four in the afternoon，and I was held up on my way back(09全國(guó)卷II)
析：分析前后兩個(gè)句子可知，前面的句子與后面的句子存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，不是并列關(guān)系，應(yīng)將 and 改為but。
③冠詞錯(cuò)誤：冠詞的考查集中在：應(yīng)該使用定冠詞的地方使用了不定冠詞；應(yīng)該使用不定冠詞的地方卻使用了定冠詞；不定冠詞a與an的誤用等。
1.Three men were fishing when the angel appeared in the boat with them. （2009.四川卷）
析：初次提到的人或物前應(yīng)該用不定冠詞，因此要將第一個(gè)the改為an。
2．實(shí)詞錯(cuò)誤
① 名詞錯(cuò)誤主要集中在：名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式，特別注意不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式；可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的混用；抽象名詞具體化；名詞的所有格等。
1. I stayed there for one and a half hour and made sure that the girl was all right. （09全國(guó)卷II）
析：one and a half 后接可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，不能用單數(shù)。要將hour改為hours。
② 動(dòng)詞錯(cuò)誤主要有：不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞形式錯(cuò)誤；時(shí)態(tài)的不一致性；語(yǔ)態(tài)的錯(cuò)用；非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用法的選擇，特別是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)是用過(guò)去分詞還是現(xiàn)在分詞；在 to 后是用不定式還是動(dòng)名詞；以及在并列結(jié)構(gòu)中后面動(dòng)詞的形式；謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)形式的錯(cuò)用；情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和 will(would), shall (should) 等助動(dòng)詞后面的動(dòng)詞形式的誤用等。
1.There exist now a park that has a small river running through. （09全國(guó)卷I）
析：句子中的there exist相當(dāng)于there be形式，exist的形式跟后面的名詞a park保持一致，因此exist要用單三形式exists。
③ 形容詞與副詞錯(cuò)誤主要表現(xiàn)在：這兩類詞的混用；形容詞或副詞的原級(jí)、比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)的混用等。
1.The
析：分析句子，句子中沒(méi)有比較對(duì)象，不能用比較級(jí)，要將older改為原形old。
④ 引導(dǎo)詞錯(cuò)誤：在復(fù)合句中引導(dǎo)從句的連接詞的錯(cuò)誤運(yùn)用，特別是在定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系詞的錯(cuò)誤運(yùn)用，賓語(yǔ)從句中連接詞的誤用等。
1.One day I saw a second-hand bicycle, that was only one hundred yuan. I asked my father for the money. （09遼寧卷）
析：非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞指物時(shí)只能用which不能用that，應(yīng)將that改為which。
⑤代詞錯(cuò)誤。代詞考查主要集中在句子中代詞的一致性、人稱代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞的混用等。
1.When I was in high school, most of my friends had bicycles. I hoped I could also have it. （2009.遼寧卷）
析：根據(jù)句義后面句子中的it與前面句子中的bicycles是一類物，表示泛指。因此要將it改為one。
⑥思維定勢(shì)干擾錯(cuò)誤。由于受漢語(yǔ)思維定勢(shì)影響，造成一些英語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)的搭配錯(cuò)誤。
1.I’m glad to say that anything has worked out fine in the dorm. （09海南、寧夏卷）
析： anything意思是“任何事或任何物”，而everything表示“所有的東西或物”，很顯然句子強(qiáng)調(diào)在宿舍的所有事情，應(yīng)將anything改為everything。
⑦行文邏輯錯(cuò)誤。
高考短文改錯(cuò)中，涉及短文主旨大意及邏輯關(guān)系的錯(cuò)誤這類試題的隱蔽性較強(qiáng)，單獨(dú)看并沒(méi)有錯(cuò)，但若放在整篇中則與全篇的意思不符。
I stayed here for one and a half hours and made sure that the girl was all right.
析：直接分析該句，沒(méi)有任何錯(cuò)誤，但結(jié)合上下文可看出句子是在轉(zhuǎn)述過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情，不能用here，因此應(yīng)將here改為there。
二、漏詞
漏詞考查主要集中在：名詞前漏冠詞；不及物動(dòng)詞后漏掉相應(yīng)的介詞。不定式前少了不該省的to；分句與分句之間往往漏掉相應(yīng)的連詞；句子中助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的遺漏。復(fù)合句中關(guān)系詞、連接詞的遺漏；以及句子中替代詞的遺漏等。
1.One day, the school held party, where I was invited to talk about
析：初次提到的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前面要加不定冠詞，因此要在party前加不定冠詞a。
2.It was a lesson to us that it was possible give without expecting anything（09浙江卷）
析：在it is/was possible to do sth結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞不定式符合不能省略，因此要在give前加to。
三、多詞
多詞考查主要集中在介詞、副詞、連接詞、冠詞、不定式符號(hào)to、代詞、助動(dòng)詞等。這些詞大都為虛詞，在句子中的作用顯得不大，但極易引起誤用，是學(xué)生語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用中最常犯的錯(cuò)誤。
1.The market at the corner of
析：句子的意思為 “市場(chǎng)把位置讓給了一個(gè)超市”。這里并不表示被動(dòng)意義，要將been去掉。
2. I’m sorry that I wasn’t able to return to your bike on time yesterday.（09全國(guó)卷II）
析：return to的意思為返回到某地，而在句子中的意思為歸還某物，不能加to，要將to去掉。
3 高考強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練
（一）
A few days ago, Miss Wang was going home by bike. While he was 76.
riding in the street, she saw the man with a knife in his hand and his 77.
face covering with a piece of cloth running towards her. The man 78.
took her handbag out of the basket of her bike and ran away before 79.
she could do anything. There was no one she could turn for help at 80.
that time, for it was very late at night. Lucky, she had her mobile 81.
phone at hand. Immediately when she took it out and phoned the 82.
police. She told them what the man was like and in which directions 83.
he had run. The police came very quickly and catch the robber. Miss 84.
Wang got her handbag back and felt very grateful for the police had 85.
done for her.
（二）
I'll never forget the trip to
a small village in the south of
town. In the way a young man who was very tall stopped me and 78.
asked me for the lift. As soon as he got into the car, I said 79.
"Good morning" to him in French and he answered with the same 80.
language. Except for a few words, I do not know any French 81.
at all. None of us spoke during the journey. I had nearly 82.
reached the town, while the young man suddenly said very slowly. 83.
"Do... you.., speak... English?" I looked at him in surprising. 84.
Here was no people speak English. Just then I understood that 85.
he, too, was an Englishman.
（三）
To everyone in the world, money was a sensitive topic. 76.
Not one can live without money in modern society. People 77.
has different opinions on it. Some people think one should 78.
live to make money, when others make money to live. 79.
In my opinion, the latter should reasonable. 80.
We should not be the slave of money. Although money 81.
means a lot in our life, but it doesnot mean everything. 82.
We can't exchange it for friendship or love. Money indeed can 83.
made a person enjoy his life for a while but not all his life. 84.
On a word, money is something but not everything. 85.
（四）
Coffee houses can be seen anywhere in
People from European brought the idea with them. Soon 77.
coffee became the leading drink. Today people in United 78.
States drink more coffee than people in any country. 79.
People who drink coffee at breakfast, at lunch, and 80.
between meals. They drink them at work and at home. 81.
Coffee is drunk by people around the world. Some 82.
people like coffee what is very black and very strong. 83.
Another people like coffee with cream or sugar, or, cream 84.
and sugar with it. Now coffee has become a world-wide drink. 85.
（五）
Smoking which is a widespread habit even among school children. 76.
The number of young smokers are increasing. It is reported that 77.
over two-fifth of the students in a certain school smoke, and 78.
some of whom even steal money to buy cigarettes. This is terrible. 79.
As we all know, smoking is harmful to our health. So it's 80.
even harmful to middle school students for it does great harm not 81.
only to their health but also for their mind. Middle school students 82.
are future builders of the country. They should spend their time 83.
learning useful knowledges. So it's really time that these young 84.
smokers made up their minds give up smoking. 85.
答案：
（一）
76．he → she 77. 第二個(gè)the → a 78. covering → covered 79.√
80. turn∧→ to 81. Lucky → luckily 82. 去掉when 83. directions → direction
84. catch → caught 85. for∧→ what
(二)
76．∧left → had 77. √ 78. In → On 79. 第一個(gè)the→ a
80. with → in 81. do → did 82. None → Neither 83. while → when
84. surprising → surprise 85. speak → speaking
(三)
76．was → is 77.Not → No 78. has → have 79. when → while
80. should∧→ be 81.slave → slaves 82. 去掉 but 83. √
84. made→ make 85.On → In
(四)
76．anywhere → everywhere 77.European → Europe 78. in ∧→ the
79. any ∧→ other 80. 去掉who 81.them → it 82. √
83.what → that/which 84. Another → Other 85.with → in
(五)
76．去掉which 77.are → is 78. two- fifth → two-fifths
79. whom → them 80.So → But 81. ∧harmful → more 82.for → to
83. √ 84.knowledges → knowledge 85. minds ∧ → to
聯(lián)系客服
