英語中主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的六種常見結(jié)構(gòu)
英語動(dòng)詞，通常都是主動(dòng)形式表主動(dòng)意義、被動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。但在有些情況
下，卻用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義?，F(xiàn)將這些情況總結(jié)如下：
1、某些系動(dòng)詞+形容詞
常見的這類系動(dòng)詞有：look ,feel ,smell, sound, taste, prove, turn out（結(jié)果是，證明是）等。例如：
This coat feels very soft and smooth.
What he said sounds reasonable.
The medicine tastes bitter.
All he said proved (to be) true.
The flowers smelling sweet (= which smell sweet) in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn’t quite turn out as planned.
2、某些用作不及物意義的動(dòng)詞+副詞
常見的這類動(dòng)詞有：wash, clean, cook, eat, drink, brew, fry, bake, iron, cut , dye , dry, sell, read, write, teach, translate, record, wear, draw, drive, ride, lock, unlock, close ,shut ,open, break, smoke, play, act, wind up, make up, blow, keep, burn, light , strike(劃著), fire , pull, fill, begin, start, finish, complete, run(運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)), stop, end, owe, print, move, let(出租), carry, handle, kill, , milk, pack, pick, split 等。
這時(shí)：（1）句子的主語通常指物。（2）用來表示主語的內(nèi)在品質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)或性質(zhì)。(3) 通常和副詞 easily, well, quickly, smoothly, badly, poorly, nicely, wonderfully, perfectly, comfortably 等連用。例如：
He paid all that was owing.
The tea is brewing.
Because the shop is closing down, all the T-shirts are sold at half price.
—What are you going to do this afternoon?
—I am going to the cinema with some friends. The film finishes quite early, so we are going to the bookstore after that.
Books of this kind sell well.
This knife cuts easily.
This kind of cloth washes well, irons easily and wears long.
The paper tears easily.
This article translates well and reads easily.
The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift writes smoothly.
The school opens at 7∶45 and classes begin at 8:00.
The cigar smokes badly.
The cakes eat deliciously.
---Mummy, can I put the peaches in the cupboard?
---No, dear. They don’t keep well. Put them in the fridge instead.
His voice doesn't carry well.
This material does not dye well but dries quickly.
The damp match won't strike.
注意：在這里動(dòng)詞都是當(dāng)作不及物動(dòng)詞使用，用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語本身所具有的某種內(nèi)在的品質(zhì)，促進(jìn)、妨礙或阻止動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作的實(shí)現(xiàn)；如果用被動(dòng)語態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響，動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作的實(shí)現(xiàn)與否和主語的品質(zhì)無關(guān)，主要取決于動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。試比較：
This novel doesn’t sell well. 這本小說銷售不暢。（是小說本身的原因）
These novels have not been sold. 這些小說沒有銷出去。（由于其它原因沒有賣出去，與小說本身無關(guān)）
The door won’t lock．門鎖不上。（門本身有毛?。?span lang="EN-US">
The door wasn’t locked．門沒鎖。（人沒把門鎖上，與門本身無關(guān)）
The text teaches well. 這篇課文好教。（由于課文本身的內(nèi)容才使得這課文“好教” ）
The text is not taught well. 這篇課文沒有教好。（與課文本身無關(guān)，問題是動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者沒有把課文教好。
3、某些不及物動(dòng)詞（短語）
常見的這類動(dòng)詞有：happen, occur, take place, belong to ,break out, last, run out ,go out(熄滅), go down(下降)，cost, spread，come(傳來)，come on(開始), come out(出版), come up(出現(xiàn)), come into being(產(chǎn)生), come to one’s mind（想起）, come about（發(fā)生）, come true, give out, suit, fit, add up(to),catch fire, measure, weigh等
The war broke out in 1938 and lasted eight years.
The big house belongs to me.
The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 18th century.
The bridge measures 30 meters across.
The news came that our team had won the game.
A terrible accident happened last night.
The price has gone down，but I doubt whether it will remain so．
The evening news comes on at seven o’clock and lasts only thirty minutes.
4、某些介詞+名詞
常見的介詞有：under, beyond, in, on, for, out of等。
(1) “under +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu), 表示某事“在進(jìn)行中”。例如：
The whole matter is under discussion (=is being discussed).
He is said to be under arrest for stealing.
The house under repair is our classroom building.
類似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有：under construction (在建造中)，under treatment（在治療中）, under question（在審訊中），under attack（在進(jìn)攻中），under consideration（在考慮中），under contact（在聯(lián)系中），under examination（在審查中），under investigation（在調(diào)查中），under review（在審議中）， under trial（在受審中），under control（在被控制中）等。
(2) “beyond +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“超出(勝過)……范圍、限度”。例如：
The news is beyond belief（= The news can’t be believed）．
類似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有 beyond one’s reach（鞭長莫及），beyond one’s control（無法控制），beyond one’s understanding(無法理解)，beyond one’s expectation(始料不及), beyond one’s power(力所不能及)等。
(3) “on +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu), 表示“在從事…… 中”。例如：
Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).
常見的還有：on sale(出售)，on show（展出）, on trial（受審）等。
(4) “out of +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“超出…… 之外”， 例如：
The plane was out of control (can’t be controlled)． 。
常見的有：out of sight（超出視線之外），out of one’s reach(夠不著), out of fashion(過時(shí))，out of question（毫無疑問）等。
(5) “for+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示 “適于……,有待于……”。例如：
That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).
The shop is for rent.
(6) “in +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“在……過程中或范圍內(nèi)” 例如：
The book is not yet in print．(=is not yet printed)
The house is in sight now.
5、動(dòng)詞不定式
(1) 主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語+ to do(作定語)。 這時(shí)，不定式雖與被修飾詞（賓語）之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，但與句子的主語有主謂關(guān)系。另外，不定式若是不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，應(yīng)加上結(jié)構(gòu)上或意義上所需要的介詞。例如：
I have a meeting to attend today.
Do you have anything to say?
Would you like something to drink?
She had to find a room to live in.
I have borrowed a novel to read during the vacation.
I have several models for you to choose from.
但是如果不定式和主語之間沒有這種主謂關(guān)系，則需要用不定式的被動(dòng)形式。例如：
I'm going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything to be taken to your parents?
I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted?
以上兩句用不定式的被動(dòng)形式作定語，表明 you 不是 take/ post 動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。
(2) 主語+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語+ to do(作定語)。 這時(shí)，不定式與被修飾詞(直接賓語)之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，而與間接賓語之間有主謂關(guān)系。另外，不定式若為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，應(yīng)加上結(jié)構(gòu)上或意義上所需要的介詞。例如：
He lent me some books to read.
Give me a pen to write with.
He lent me a piece of paper to write on.
(3) This/ That) + be +名詞+ to do(作定語)。例如：
This is an easy question to answer.
That is a good place to live in.
(4) there be +名詞+ to do(作定語)。
此結(jié)構(gòu)中，用來修飾主語的不定式可以用被動(dòng)形式，也可以用主動(dòng)形式，在口語中用主動(dòng)形式的時(shí)候更多一些。例如：
There is nothing to worry about.
There is no time to lose (to be lost).
There are still many difficulties to overcome (to be overcome).
但有時(shí)候用主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)可分別表示不同的意思：不定式用主動(dòng)式作定語，重點(diǎn)在人，用被動(dòng)形式作定語，重點(diǎn)在物。試比較:
There is nothing to do now. (We have nothing to do.)
There is nothing to be done now. (We can do nothing now.)
There is nothing to see. (nothing that is worth seeing)
There is nothing to be seen. (nothing there at all)
(5) 主語(人或物) + be + 形容詞+ to do (作狀語)。
常見的形容詞有：easy, hard, difficult, dangerous, nice, good，interesting, important, fit，impossible，pleasant，light, heavy, bitter, comfortable, cheap, expensive, funny, exciting, delicious 等。若不定式動(dòng)詞是不及物時(shí)應(yīng)加上結(jié)構(gòu)上或意義上所需要的介詞。例如：
The water in the lake is unfit to drink.
The strawberries are nice to eat.
The problem is easy to work out.
The man is hard to please.
The room is expensive to live in .
(6) 主語+及物動(dòng)詞+形容詞+ to do(作賓補(bǔ))。 這時(shí)，不定式與賓語之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，而與句子的主語有主謂關(guān)系。另外，不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，應(yīng)加上結(jié)構(gòu)上或意義上所需要的介詞。例如：
I find the lecture difficult to understand.
I find him pleasant to work with.
(7) “too +形容詞+ to do(作狀語)”結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：
This book is too difficult to understand completely.
The passage is too hard to translate.
(8) “疑問代詞 + 不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：
I don't know what to do next.
She will tell you which bus to take.
Do you know whom to go with?
The mother didn’t know who to blame for the broken glass.
(9) “be + to do(作表語) 結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：
The house is to let.
I feel it is your husband who is to blame for the spoiled child. (02上海)
The reason is not far to seek.
6、動(dòng)詞-ing形式
下列結(jié)構(gòu)中的V-ing必須用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義：
(1) want (need, demand, require, request) “需要”+ V-ing。例如：
These young seedlings will require looking after.
He is ill; he needs sending to hospital.
Your hair demands cutting.
但在這些動(dòng)詞后接不定式時(shí)，則必須用被動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。例如：
The room needs to be cleaned.
He is ill; he needs to be sent to hospital.
說明：上述結(jié)構(gòu)中用V-ing表示該動(dòng)作之發(fā)生乃因事物（主語）本身的性質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)使然，而用to be done (不定式的被動(dòng)式)則側(cè)重于說話人的主觀。
2) be worth(值得)+V-ing。例如:
The film is very instructive and is well worth seeing.
Life won't be worth living without friendship.
It's hardly worth mentioning.
聯(lián)系客服
