本文引用格式:北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科——世界衛(wèi)生組織婦兒保健研究培訓(xùn)合作中心 北京大學(xué)婦兒保健中心, 世界衛(wèi)生組織西太平洋地區(qū)辦公室, 聯(lián)合國(guó)兒童基金會(huì)駐華辦事處. 剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)新生兒早期基本保健技術(shù)臨床實(shí)施建議[J] . 中華圍產(chǎn)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2022, 25(2) : 81-87. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn113903-20210918-00805
2013 年,世界衛(wèi)生組織(World Health Organization, WHO)西太平洋地區(qū)(簡(jiǎn)稱西太區(qū))辦公室提出了“新生兒早期基本保健(early essential newborn care, EENC)技術(shù)”的概念,旨在減少新生兒死亡和改善新生兒結(jié)局。2016年我國(guó)引入EENC。既往EENC的臨床實(shí)施建議和專家共識(shí)主要針對(duì)經(jīng)陰道分娩的新生兒。在WHO西太區(qū)和聯(lián)合國(guó)兒童基金會(huì)駐華辦事處的支持下,WHO婦兒保健研究培訓(xùn)合作中心牽頭,聯(lián)合北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院、西北婦女兒童醫(yī)院、四川省婦幼保健院和寧夏醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院等4家醫(yī)院開(kāi)展了剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)EENC的臨床研究,并在基于循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)和實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)上撰寫本實(shí)施建議。希望通過(guò)本實(shí)施建議,可以幫助有條件的醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)開(kāi)展剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)EENC。本臨床實(shí)施建議第一部分為根據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)試點(diǎn)地區(qū)試行情況制定的剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)EENC實(shí)施流程;第二部分為剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)EENC相關(guān)技術(shù)的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 嬰兒護(hù)理;嬰兒,新生;剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù);循證醫(yī)學(xué)
第一部分 剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)EENC實(shí)施流程
本建議是在多中心進(jìn)行剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)EENC研究的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行的。為保證母嬰安全,實(shí)施對(duì)象僅適用于符合以下情況的孕產(chǎn)婦:選擇性剖宮產(chǎn);足月單胎;硬膜外麻醉、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔阻滯麻醉(簡(jiǎn)稱腰麻)或腰麻-硬膜外聯(lián)合阻滯麻醉;無(wú)嚴(yán)重妊娠并發(fā)癥/合并癥;手術(shù)過(guò)程中未發(fā)生需要緊急處理的嚴(yán)重母兒并發(fā)癥的孕產(chǎn)婦及其新生兒。
一、剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備
1.健康教育:在孕期和剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)前,醫(yī)生和助產(chǎn)士應(yīng)向孕婦及其家屬介紹EENC的內(nèi)容和注意事項(xiàng),如SSC和母乳喂養(yǎng)等,使孕婦及其家屬了解、接受并積極配合開(kāi)展EENC。醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)告知孕產(chǎn)婦及家屬注意手衛(wèi)生、咳嗽禮儀等感染防護(hù)措施,接觸新生兒前要洗手。要告知孕產(chǎn)婦及其家屬如何進(jìn)行母乳喂養(yǎng),觀察新生兒呼吸、膚色等危險(xiǎn)體征,如發(fā)現(xiàn)新生兒及產(chǎn)婦異常,應(yīng)及時(shí)通知醫(yī)生或助產(chǎn)士。告知新生兒洗澡、臍帶護(hù)理和疫苗接種等其他保健內(nèi)容。
4.環(huán)境和物品準(zhǔn)備:(1)環(huán)境要求:除符合剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)室環(huán)境要求外,如果準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)行EENC,則建議保持手術(shù)室室溫在25~26 °C,同時(shí)避免空氣對(duì)流。(2)物品準(zhǔn)備:常規(guī)準(zhǔn)備剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)所需設(shè)備、手術(shù)器械、敷料。此外需準(zhǔn)備 2塊無(wú)菌干凈的治療巾,以及無(wú)菌臍帶夾,置于器械臺(tái)。此外,還需準(zhǔn)備新生兒包被和帽子,放置于產(chǎn)婦頭部,在SSC時(shí)對(duì)新生兒進(jìn)行保暖。
在助產(chǎn)士或護(hù)士幫助母嬰進(jìn)行SSC的過(guò)程中,根據(jù)產(chǎn)婦狀態(tài)以及實(shí)際情況,在確保新生兒和產(chǎn)婦安全的前提下,可以引導(dǎo)和協(xié)助產(chǎn)婦用手臂護(hù)住新生兒。同時(shí),醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)持續(xù)觀察新生兒和產(chǎn)婦的狀況,發(fā)現(xiàn)異常及時(shí)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)處理。在進(jìn)行SSC時(shí),醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)觀察新生兒是否出現(xiàn)覓乳征象(如張大嘴、流口水、舔舌或嘴唇、尋找或爬行動(dòng)作等)。當(dāng)新生兒出現(xiàn)覓乳征象后,醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)幫助和鼓勵(lì)產(chǎn)婦進(jìn)行乳頭含接和母乳喂養(yǎng)。
剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)EENC實(shí)施流程見(jiàn)圖1。
第二部分 剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)EENC相關(guān)技術(shù)的循證依據(jù)
關(guān)于剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)SSC對(duì)新生兒體溫的影響,目前研究較少。2021年,越南學(xué)者的研究顯示,新生兒轉(zhuǎn)入NICU時(shí)體溫過(guò)低的比例從開(kāi)展剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)EENC前的5.0%降至開(kāi)展后的3.7%(RR=0.73,95%CI:0.63~0.84)[19]。但對(duì)359例剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦術(shù)中體溫的隊(duì)列研究發(fā)現(xiàn),23%的孕產(chǎn)婦進(jìn)行剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)會(huì)發(fā)生低體溫[8,22]。剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)產(chǎn)婦低體溫是否影響新生兒體溫,仍不明確[23],需要進(jìn)一步開(kāi)展更多的研究和臨床實(shí)踐。此外,也有個(gè)別文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告在剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后立即開(kāi)展SSC的過(guò)程中發(fā)生諸如新生兒突發(fā)意外衰竭、跌落和窒息等意外,因此需要在實(shí)施SSC期間加強(qiáng)對(duì)母嬰的監(jiān)護(hù)[8,24-25]。
研究顯示DCC能夠促進(jìn)胎盤-新生兒輸血,增加新生兒出生時(shí)的血容量,提升鐵儲(chǔ)備,降低嬰幼兒貧血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[26-27]。與陰道分娩時(shí)胎兒娩出后實(shí)施DCC相比,剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)實(shí)施DCC的研究相對(duì)較少。Andersson等[28]比較了64例擇期剖宮產(chǎn)DCC(≥30 s)、166例陰道分娩后立即(≤10 s)結(jié)扎臍帶和168例陰道分娩DCC(≥180 s)產(chǎn)婦的4月齡嬰兒的鐵儲(chǔ)備狀況,結(jié)果顯示剖宮產(chǎn)DCC嬰兒的鐵蛋白濃度顯著高于陰道分娩立即結(jié)扎臍帶的嬰兒(MD=39 μg/L,95%CI:10~60 μg/L),與陰道分娩DCC嬰兒的鐵儲(chǔ)備差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。Sun等[29]將338例剖宮產(chǎn)孕婦隨機(jī)分為DCC組(搏動(dòng)消失后結(jié)扎臍帶)和對(duì)照組(生后60 s內(nèi)結(jié)扎),發(fā)現(xiàn)DCC組胎盤殘留血量[(46.3±30.2)與(95.3±67.0)ml,P<0.001]和產(chǎn)后出血量較少[(156.8±87.4)與(221.6±197.2) ml,P<0.001]、新生兒足跟血血紅蛋白濃度[(188.5±14.3)與(171.7±10.8) g/L,P<0.001]和紅細(xì)胞壓積較高[(51.6±6.2)%與(45.1±4.3)%,P<0.001]。Chantry等[30]對(duì)39例剖宮產(chǎn)分娩的新生兒實(shí)施DCC,并與112例未實(shí)施DCC的剖宮產(chǎn)新生兒進(jìn)行比較,結(jié)果顯示新生兒實(shí)施DCC的產(chǎn)婦失血量減少[(691±218)與(864±442)ml,P=0.003]、輸血需求降低[2.7%(1/37)與18.8%(21/112),P=0.016]、新生兒貧血率降低[3.3%(1/30)與4/10,P=0.012],但新生兒NICU入院率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[8.1%(3/37)與7.1%(8/112),P>0.999]。此外,DCC并不會(huì)使剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦的出血量增加,其安全性已經(jīng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究證實(shí)[31]。因此本建議中關(guān)于DCC的部分仍然建議參照“專家共識(shí)(2020)”[5],即建議生后結(jié)扎臍帶的時(shí)機(jī)為臍動(dòng)脈搏動(dòng)消失或生后1~3 min。
執(zhí)筆專家:張小松(北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院)、王雪茵(北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院)、楊慧霞(北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院)
參與撰寫的專家(按姓氏拼音排序):Howard Sobel(世界衛(wèi)生組織西太平洋地區(qū)辦公室)、John Murray(世界衛(wèi)生組織西太平洋地區(qū)辦公室)、曹引麗(西北婦女兒童醫(yī)院)、馮嘉蕾(北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院)、高巖(四川省婦幼保健院)、金曦(中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心婦幼保健中心)、黃小娜(聯(lián)合國(guó)兒童基金會(huì)駐華辦事處)、雋娟(北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院)、李曌(世界衛(wèi)生組織西太平洋地區(qū)辦公室)、劉軍(北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院)、馬淑琴(寧夏醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院)、邱銀萍(寧夏醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院)、田曉波(聯(lián)合國(guó)兒童基金會(huì)駐華辦事處)、譚玲(四川省婦幼保健院)、徐韜(中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心婦幼保健中心)、王雪茵(北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院)、王梅玉(寧夏醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院)、嚴(yán)文萍(西北婦女兒童醫(yī)院)、楊萍(寧夏醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院)、楊慧霞(北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院)、張琳[國(guó)際救助兒童(英國(guó))北京代表處]、張小松(北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院)、張安平(四川省婦幼保健院)、張小芹(西北婦女兒童醫(yī)院)、鄒紅霞(西北婦女兒童醫(yī)院)
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