三、5種基本句型
英語句子看上去紛繁龐雜,但仔細(xì)觀察不外乎5個(gè)基本句式。這5個(gè)基本句式可以演變出多種復(fù)雜的英語句子。換言之,絕大多數(shù)英語句子都是由這5個(gè)基本句式生成的。這5個(gè)基本句式如下:
基本句型一:S十V主謂結(jié)構(gòu)
這個(gè)句型中的動(dòng)詞是不及物的行為動(dòng)詞,不能帶賓語。這種動(dòng)詞表示主語的行為動(dòng)作,意義基本完整,所以不再需要賓語。
這些動(dòng)詞常見的有:appear, apologize, arrive, come, die, disappear, exist, fall, happen, rise等等。
不及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式。在這個(gè)句型中,謂語后面有時(shí)不再附加任何成分,而大多數(shù)情況下有狀語性質(zhì)的修飾語。這種修飾語可以由副詞、介詞短語、不定式短語、分詞短語以及從句等來擔(dān)當(dāng)。
基本句型二:S十V十P主系表結(jié)構(gòu)
在該句型中,由系動(dòng)詞及表語構(gòu)成表性狀的復(fù)合謂語,說明主語的身份、特征、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等。
英語中除了最常見的系動(dòng)詞be以外,還有表示感官的連系動(dòng)詞look, feel, sound, taste, smell等;
表示變化的連系動(dòng)詞get, turn, become, grow, fall, come等;
表示狀態(tài)的連系動(dòng)詞keep, remain, stay, continue, seem等。
基本句型三:S十V十O主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)
該句型中的及物動(dòng)詞同樣也是行為動(dòng)詞,表明一個(gè)具體實(shí)在的動(dòng)作,但其本身所表示的意義并不完整,需要有一個(gè)賓語,才能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的概念。例如:
We have a TV set.
You may use my pen.
I will use hers.
He doesn’t like the first.
He likes the third.
這種句型中的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為及物動(dòng)詞或者可以后接賓語的動(dòng)詞短語。同時(shí),句子中有時(shí)含有與賓語有關(guān)的狀語。作賓語的成分常是:名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句。
基本句型四:S十V十O1十O2 主謂雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)
其中O1=間接賓語;O2=直接賓語
有些動(dòng)詞后面,可以有兩個(gè)賓語,這個(gè)賓語一個(gè)指人、一個(gè)指物,指人的叫間接賓語,表示動(dòng)作的方向和目標(biāo);指物的叫直接賓語,表示動(dòng)作的承受者,間接賓語一般放在直接賓語之前。并不是所有的動(dòng)詞都能用于此句型。
能用于此句型的動(dòng)詞主要有兩大類:
(1)bring, give, sell, show, take, tell, throw, write等;
(2)buy, find, get, leave, make, save, choose等。例如:
She brought me some fruit.
Can you do us a favour?
這兩個(gè)句子中的間接賓語都可以變成介詞短語放在直接賓語后面。例如:
She brought some fruit to me.
Can you do a favour for me?
基本句型五:S十V十O十C 主謂賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)
賓語和補(bǔ)足語之間的關(guān)系是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,即賓語是賓語補(bǔ)足語的邏輯主語。
句型中的賓語常用名詞或代詞賓格。常用來作賓語補(bǔ)足語的成分有名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、介詞短語和副詞等。例如:
She named her baby John.
We elected him monitor of our class.
Keep the room clean and tidy, please.
His father wished him to be a musician.
We consider it a pity that they have given up trying it a second time.
這種句型中的賓語+補(bǔ)語可統(tǒng)稱為“復(fù)合賓語”,作補(bǔ)語的常常是名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、動(dòng)詞不定式等。
注意:動(dòng)詞have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, observe, watch等后面所接的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),不帶to。
四、文章的結(jié)構(gòu)
(一)掌握技巧:
1、注意篇章結(jié)構(gòu),合理布局
開始部分:說出文中的要點(diǎn)、核心問題。
正文部分:圍繞主題開展敘述、討論。
結(jié)尾部分:對(duì)全文的總結(jié)和概括。
要做到全文中心突出、段落之間必須是有機(jī)地聯(lián)系,內(nèi)容完整、連貫。前后呼應(yīng),祛除與主題無關(guān)的內(nèi)容。
2、確定主題句
主題句是對(duì)全文的概括,是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“畫龍點(diǎn)睛”的作用。通常主題句出現(xiàn)在一篇文章的開頭,而后,全文對(duì)主題句所提出的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋、擴(kuò)展。
寫主題句應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):
(1)歸納出你要寫的文章的幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)
(2)提煉出一句具有概括性的話
(3)主題句應(yīng)具有可讀性,抓住、吸引讀者。
3、高考英語寫作常用開頭和結(jié)尾
◆開頭萬能公式:
(1)名人名言或哲理性句子
有人問了,“我沒有記住名言,怎么辦?尤其是英語名言”,很好辦,哲理性句子也能起到相同作用哦~
經(jīng)典句型:
A proverb says,“You are only young once.”(適用于已記住的名言)
It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.(適用于自編哲理性句子)
As everyone knows, No one can deny that…(2)數(shù)據(jù)說明:要想更有說服力,就應(yīng)該用實(shí)際的數(shù)字來說明。
原則上在議論文當(dāng)中不應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)虛假數(shù)字的,可是在考試的時(shí)候哪管三七二十一,但編無妨。所以不妨試用下面的句型:
According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.
A recent statistics shows that…
◆結(jié)尾萬能公式:
(1)使用過渡句、過渡語,如to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus,obviously。例:
Obviously(此為過渡短語), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.
Thus, it can be concluded that…,
Therefore, we can find that…
(2)提建議、措施。例:
Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.
Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.
Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.
(二)寫作的七項(xiàng)基本原則
1、長短句相間原則:在長句之間加一個(gè)短小精辟的句子,可以起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。而且如果我們把短句放在段首或者段末,也可以揭示主題。例如:
As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.
小建議:在文章第一段(開頭)用一長一短,且先長后短;在文章主體部分,要先用一個(gè)短句解釋主要意思,然后在闡述幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)的時(shí)候采用先短后長的句群形式,定會(huì)讓主體部分妙筆生輝!文章結(jié)尾一般用一長一短就可以了。
2、突出主題句:主題句可以放在文章的開頭(保險(xiǎn)型)或者結(jié)尾,讓讀者一目了然,必會(huì)平安無事!隱藏主體句可是要冒險(xiǎn)的!
To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主題句). Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer allthe questions correctly.
3、一二三原則:分點(diǎn)展開寫作,條理清楚??脊賯兛次恼乱脖厝灰ㄟ^這些關(guān)鍵性的“標(biāo)簽”來判定你的文章是否結(jié)構(gòu)清楚,條理自然。破解方法很簡單,只要把下面任何一組的詞匯加入到你的幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)前就清楚了。
(1)first, second, third, last
(2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally
(3)the first, the second, the third, the last
(4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly
(5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(強(qiáng)烈推薦)
(6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(強(qiáng)烈推薦)
(7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(強(qiáng)烈推薦)
(8)most important of all, moreover, finally
(9)on the one hand, on the other hand(適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況)
(10)for one thing, for another thing(適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況)
4、短語優(yōu)先原則
寫作時(shí),尤其是在考試時(shí),如果使用短語,有兩個(gè)好處:
其一,用短語會(huì)使文章增加亮點(diǎn),如果老師們看到你的文章太簡單,必然不會(huì)給高分。相反,如果發(fā)現(xiàn)亮點(diǎn)——精彩的短語,定會(huì)給你的文章加分了。
其二,關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻思維短路,只有湊字?jǐn)?shù),怎么辦?用短語是一個(gè)辦法!比如:
I cannot bear it.
可以用短語表達(dá):I cannot put up with it.
I want it.
可以用短語表達(dá):I am looking forward to it.
這樣字?jǐn)?shù)明顯增加,表達(dá)也更準(zhǔn)確。
5、多實(shí)少虛原則:寫文章還是應(yīng)該寫一些實(shí)際的東西,不要空話連篇。比如我們說一個(gè)很好的時(shí)候,不應(yīng)該之說nice這樣空洞的詞,應(yīng)該使用一些諸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital之類的形象詞。再比如:
走出房間,普通的的詞是:walk out of the room
但是小偷走出房間可以說:slip out of the room
女生走出房間可以說:sail out of the room
小孩走出房間可以說:dance out of the room
老人走出房間可以說:stagger out of the room
6、多變句式原則
(1)并列(串聯(lián))
最保險(xiǎn)的寫長句的方法就是這些,可以在任何句子之間加and,但最好是前后的句子有先后關(guān)系或者并列關(guān)系。比如:
I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar.
如果是二者并列的,我們可以用一個(gè)超級(jí)句式:Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.
其它的短語可以用:besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover
(2)轉(zhuǎn)折(拐彎抹角)
The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.
The coat was thin, but it was warm.
更多的短語:despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding
(3)因果
常用短語:then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that
(4)失衡句(頭重腳輕,或者頭輕腳重)
其實(shí)就是主語從句,表語從句,賓語從句的變形使句子有所突出。
This is what I can do.
Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.
同樣主語、賓語、表語可以改成如下的復(fù)雜成分:When to go, Why he goes away…
(5)附加(多此一舉):定語從句和同位語從句或者是插入語。
The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.
I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.
Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.
其實(shí)很簡單,同位語——要解釋的東西刪除后不影響整個(gè)句子的構(gòu)成;定語從句——借用之前的關(guān)鍵詞并且用其重新組成一個(gè)句子插入其中,但是whom or that關(guān)鍵詞必須要緊跟在先行詞之前。
(6)排比(排山倒海句)
(三)文章主體段落的三大殺手锏
1、舉實(shí)例:
思維短路,舉實(shí)例!提出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn),舉實(shí)例!提出一個(gè)方案,舉實(shí)例!而且這也是我們揭示一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)最好的方式,任何情況下,只要我們無法繼續(xù)文章,不管三七二十一,盡管舉例子!
In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible simulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance.
For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they fime him or her.
更多句型:to take…as an example, one example is…, another exampleis…, for example
2、做比較:
寫完一個(gè)要點(diǎn),比較與之相似的;又寫完一個(gè)要點(diǎn),再比較與之相反的。下面是一些短語:
(1)相似的比較:in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner
(2)相反的比較:on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead,
nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with
3、強(qiáng)調(diào)觀點(diǎn):
I love you!
I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you.
I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love with you.
或者上面我們舉過的例子:I cannot bear it.
可以用短語表達(dá):I cannot put up with it.
因此可以這樣說:I cannot bear it. That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.
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