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　　1. The Critical Period Hypothesis

　　關(guān)鍵期假說

　　Some have said that if you don’t learn a language when you’re young, the chances you can do it when you’re older fade dramatically.

　　有些人說，如果你不在小的時候?qū)W一門語言，那你以后學會這門語言的可能性就會隨著年齡增大急劇下降。

　　The critical period hypothesis, as they call it, is not quite right. It’s true that a child can and does learn a language quickly, but it’s far from true that an adult cannot.

　　而這種所謂的關(guān)鍵期假說，其實并不對。的確，小孩子學語言的速度很快，但這并不是說成年人就學不了。

　　The brain is malleable, and changes with every experience, every new piece of knowledge.

　　大腦是可塑的，它能隨著每一點新體驗、每一份新知識而變。

　　Neuroscientists have discovered just how adaptable the brain is, defined as neuroplasticity, and it shows not only that we can learn at any age, but that we should be continuously learning.

　　神經(jīng)學家們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了大腦的這種可變性，并將它稱為神經(jīng)彈性，這個發(fā)現(xiàn)表明：我們不光能在任何年齡學習，而且我們應(yīng)該不斷地學習。

　　2. The Fluency Illusion

　　流利幻覺

　　Another common mistake that creeps up in language learning, and learning in general, is that it can or should be easy. It’s not.

　　另一個關(guān)于語言學習(以及學習本身)的常見誤區(qū)，是大家覺得它應(yīng)該很容易。但它不是。

　　The fluency illusion is a bias that creeps in when we don’t have trouble recalling something.

　　流利幻覺是一種偏誤，當你能不費力地想起什么時，這種偏誤就會出現(xiàn)。

　　If you read the translations of a few words, repeat them to yourself a couple of times, and think that that’s enough, then you’ve succumbed to this illusion.

　　如果你讀出一個新單詞的釋義，并自己重復幾次，然后就覺得記住了，那你就中了這種幻覺的下懷。

　　Real learning means testing yourself, it means coming back the next day and trying to think of the translations without looking.

　　真正的學習意味著檢驗你自己，意味著你應(yīng)該在第二天試著不看材料就想起這個釋義。

　　To learn is to struggle.

　　學習是一種掙扎。

　　3. A Fixed-Growth Mindset

　　固定型思維與增長型思維

　　Carol Dweck has studied the way people look at their intelligence and abilities.

　　卡羅·德威克研究了人們?nèi)绾慰创约旱闹巧膛c能力。

　　For some, they see a static, unchanging aspect of themselves.

　　一些人把自己看成靜態(tài)的、不變的。

　　This fixed mindset causes people to think that they are as smart, and as capable as they’re ever going to be.

　　這種固定的思維模式讓這些人覺得自己的聰明程度和能干成都永遠只能是這樣。

　　The other type of mindset Dweck has studies is the growth-mindset.

　　而德威克研究的另一種思維方式就是增長型思維。

　　People who live with this view believe they can get better, they can become more intelligent.

　　有著這樣思維方式的人覺得他們能變得更好，他們認為自己能變得更聰明。

　　They see problems as challenges to be overcome, they see failures as lessons to be learned.

　　他們把問題看做要克服的挑戰(zhàn)，他們把失敗當成學習的材料。

　　Take a growth-mindset to learning a language.

　　學語言的時候應(yīng)該用這種增長型思維。

　　Seek out the challenges, make it hard on yourself, stretch beyond your capacity.

　　尋找挑戰(zhàn)，故意刁難自己，然后拓展你自己的能力。