在句中充當除了謂語以外的各種句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞有三種形式：不定式，-ing分詞和-ed分詞。它同謂語動詞的區(qū)別在于，謂語動詞即作謂語的動詞，有人稱、數的變化，有時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣的變化；而非謂語動詞不能做謂語，因而沒有人稱、數的變化，但仍具有動詞的特征即有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化，可以同否定詞not連用，構成否定形式，可以帶賓語，狀語，補語。非謂語動詞的名詞，形容詞，副詞的特征；可用在句中做主語，賓語，補語，狀語，和定語等。
一、不定式
分為帶to的不定式和不帶to 的不定式。不定式有時態(tài)，語態(tài)的變化
1. 一般式：不定式所表示的動作和謂語動詞所表示的動作或狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生或幾乎同時發(fā)生或存在。但多數情況下是在謂語動詞所表示的動作之后發(fā)生。
e.g.: They often watch us play football. (同時)
She hopes to go there again. (之后發(fā)生)
2. 完成式：不定式所表示的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示動作或狀態(tài)之前。
e.g.: I'm glad to have seen your mother yesterday. I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.對不起讓你久等了。
關于不定式的一般式和完成式的用法，有以下幾點值得注意：
1）表目的，通常用不定式的一般式，很少用它的完成式
e.g.: He worked very hard (in order) to finish the work by five.
All these gifts must be mailed immediately so as to be received in time for Christmas.
To complete the project in time, the staff were working at weekends.
2）在seem to, appear to, 以及say, report, think, consider, believe, assume, expect, suppose, understand等表示'據說'之類意義的動詞后用不定式的完成式，表示一個動作先于另一個動作發(fā)生，這種結構也可用it作形式主語表示e.g.:
The novel is believed to have been translated into Chinese. =It is believed that the novel has been translated into Chinese.
The little girl showed no anxiety before the competition. She seems to have prepared it pretty well.= It seems that she has prepared it pretty well.
Her dress has become loose. She appears to have lost weight.
--Is Bob still performing? --I'm afraid not. He is said to have left the stage already as he has become an official.
這兩種句式轉換時，不定式的時態(tài)要看它的動作是先發(fā)生還是后發(fā)生，不定式動作先發(fā)生則用完成式，后發(fā)生或同時發(fā)生都用一般式
e.g.: It is often said that human beings are naturally equipped to speak. = Human beings are often said to be equipped to speak.
這種句式還常見于定語從句中，e.g.: The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported to have broken the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.
Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to have been missing since the flood hit the area last Friday.
3)有些動詞如hope, expect, think, intend, mean(=intend), suppose, want等用'過去完成時+不定式一般式'表示過去未曾實現的希望、打算或意圖 e.g.: I had intended to write to you.
在should (would) like, would love 等后，完成式表示沒有實現的愿望
e.g.: I should like to have seen her face when she read the letter.
3. 進行式：1）當謂語動詞的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時，不定式動詞所表示動作正在進行時，用進行式。
e.g.: They seemed to be talking about you. He pretended to be sleeping.
2）不定式的進行式表示將來?！e is believed to be coming.
3)不定式的進行式表示逐漸地變化 The weather seems to be improving.
不定式的被動語態(tài)。在下列情況下要用被動語態(tài)
(1) 當句子的主語是這個不定式所表示動作的承受者。
e.g.: She is glad to be taken to the Great Wall.
This book is said to be put into English.
(2) 當不定式所修飾的名詞是此不定式的邏輯賓語且句中又沒有它的邏輯主語時。
e.g.: He wanted the letter to be typed at once.
(3) 當句子的主語是不定式的邏輯賓語時，且不定式本身又帶有一個賓語時，
e.g.: She is too nervous to be told such a bad news.
I'm glad to be given a gold ring.
(4) 當句子的主語和表語指同一人或物，不定式修飾這個表語名詞時，且與這個名詞有動賓關系時。
e.g.: He is a man to be trusted
(5) 不定式做定語，且與所修飾的名詞有動賓關系時。
e.g.: The plan to be made is a five-year plan.
不定式的主動語態(tài)表示被動含義。
（1） 當不定式與最近的名詞（代詞）有動賓關系，且與句中另一個名詞（代詞）有主謂關系。
e.g.: He has nothing to eat. (He eats nothing)
I'll give you a book to read. (You'll read a book)
（2） 當不定式在'主+表（形容詞）'結構中做狀語，且句中主語是這個不定式的邏輯賓語時。
The text is easy to recite.
(3) 當不定式修飾there be /here be 引導的句子中的主語時。
There are two tractors to repair.
Here is a baby to take care of.
注：在there be 結構中，有時用不定式主動態(tài)與用不定式被動態(tài)含義不同。當說話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時，不定式用主動形式；如果說話人強調的是事情本身必須被完成，則用被動形式。
There is a lot of work to do. (Someone has to do the work)
There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done)
不定式的句法功能
1、作主語,一般表示具體的某次動作
直接做主語To help each other is good.
動詞不定式做主語時，一般可用it 做形式主語，而把真正的主語不定式放在句尾。It is good to help each other. 但如果動詞不定式做主語，句中又有一個動詞不定式做表語時，就只用不定式直接作主語 To see is to believe （眼見為實）。
2、 作表語 主語是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, plan, job, suggestion, wish, purpose, task等為中心的名詞詞組或以what引導的主語從句表示，后面的不定式說明其內容，不定式作表語常表示將來或現在的動作或狀態(tài)。
▲常常說明或解釋主語的內容，在很多情況下不定式做表語可轉化為做主語。
如：His job is to raise pigs =To raise pigs is his job
▲表示計劃或安排
A new bridge is to be built over the river soon.不久這條河上要架新橋。
▲ 表示事態(tài)發(fā)展的結果，預期的結果，不幸的命運或預言。
You must speak out, if we are to remain friends. 如果我們想繼續(xù)做朋友，你必須痛痛快快的把話說出來。
▲ 表示情態(tài)意義，相當于can, could (可能), should, ought to（應該）, must (必須)
The books are not to be sold.
He is nowhere to be found.
▲ 表示'同意，命令，決定，勸告，意愿，禁止'等
You must be patient if you are to succeed. 要想成功，必須有耐心。
In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they are to survive.
不定式在系動詞be 之后做表語與將來時的be+動詞不定式結構有所區(qū)別。
！）Our plan is to set up another middle school.
句中的謂語動詞是is ,動詞不定式to set up 為表語，主語為plan,并不是不定式的邏輯主語，即動詞不定式to set up 所表示的動作不是主語plan 產生的。
！） We are to set up another middle school.
整個結構為句中謂語，主語為we，同時也是動詞不定式to set up 所表示的動作的邏輯主語，即動詞不定式to set up 所表示的動作是we 產生的。
3、 作賓語
1) 一般來說，不定式只做動詞的賓語，但介詞except, but后可接不定式做賓語。
She wishes to be a musician.
Peter's not going anywhere except to work.彼得除了上班之外哪也不去。
特別提示：某些動詞后須跟不定式to do 做賓語
afford（有足夠的金錢或時間做...）；agree（同意）；ask（要求做）；attempt（嘗試做，試圖做）； beg（懇求）；choose（選擇）；decide（決定）；demand（要求）；desire（希望）；determine（決定）；expect（期望）；fail（未能）；happen（碰巧）；hate（不喜歡做...）；help（幫助）；hope（希望）；learn（學習）；long（渴望）；manage（設法做好）；offer（提議）；prefer（喜歡）；pretend(假裝)；prepare(準備)；promise（允諾）；refuse（拒絕）；remain（尚待）；seem（好像）；want（想要）；wish（希望）；wonder（感到奇怪）某些結構后面接省to的不定式：would /had rather do, had better do, do nothing but do,
2)用代詞it作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語不定式結構放在句尾。需用it代不定式作賓語的動詞有：find, make, think, consider, feel 等。
He feels it his duty to say that you are wrong.
3)有些動詞后可用'疑問詞+不定式'做賓語，常用的動詞有：decide, discover, forget, inquire, know, learn, see, think, wonder.
e.g.: we don't know where to go.
4 、作賓語補足語
1）可接不定式做賓補的動詞有：advise（建議）；allow（允許）；ask（請求）；beg（乞求）；cause（導致）；choose（選擇）；consider（認為）；drive（驅使）；encourage（鼓勵）；enable（使能夠）；expect（期望）；forbid（禁止）；force（強迫）；get（使）；help（幫助）；invite（邀請）；intend（打算）；like（喜歡）；order（命令）；permit（允許）；persuade（勸說）；prefer（喜歡）；request（請求）；require（要求）； remind（提醒）；teach（教）；tell（告訴）；want（想要）；warn（警告）；wish（希望）；think（認為）；trouble（麻煩）....
e.g.: Tell the students not to play on the street.
The teacher advised us to have a rest first.
2）動詞let, have, make, notice, watch, observe, feel, hear, listen to, see, look at.等后用省去to的不定式做賓補，如改為被動語態(tài)，省掉的to 要加上。
e.g.: I heard Mary sing last night. Mary was heard to sing last night.
3) tell, advise, show, teach 等還可接連接代詞/連接副詞+不定式作賓補。
e.g.: The old driver showed me how to drive the car.
4) think, consider, believe, suppose, know, feel , find understand, declare, imagine, take 等動詞接不定式做賓補，但這個不定式多為to be +adj./ adv./ n.，to be可省略
e.g.: We thought him to be a naughty boy.
He felt the plan to be practical.
5、 作定語
常接不定式作定語的名詞有ability, agreement, ambition, anxiety, attempt, decision, determination, failure, intention, hope, need, plan, promise, tendency, threat, wish等。
the first, second, last, only, best等序數詞、最高級及no, all, any等限定的中心詞后常接不定式作定語，e.g.: He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
不定式做定語和它所修飾名詞存在三種關系。
1) 動賓關系：不定式所修飾的名詞是這個不定式的邏輯賓語。
e.g.: I want something to eat.
He had a meeting to attend.
注：如果這個不定式是vi.，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點，工具等，不定式后面要加必要的介詞。
e.g.: -- I would like to buy an expensive camera. -- Well. We have several models to choose from.
如果被不定式修飾的名詞為place, time, way，不定式后的介詞習慣上可以省略。e.g.: The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.
2) 主謂關系：不定式所修飾的名詞是這個不定式的邏輯主語（即動作的發(fā)出者）
e.g.: He is the first man to work out the problem.
3) 同位關系：不定式與所修飾的名詞存在一種同位關系?？尚纬蛇@種關系的名詞有：way, need, time, plan, right, chance, opportunity, movement, reason, promise, wish, effort, struggle.
e.g.: Liu Mei is on her way to see a film.
4) 起限定作用，表示將來
e.g.: The question will be discussed at the meeting to be opened in Beijing.
6、作狀語
不定式做狀語時，其邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則用for引導邏輯主語。
1)跟在某些表示喜怒哀樂等感情的詞后面表原因。
e.g.: I'm sorry to have troubled you.
He was surprised to learn how much she'd spent.
2) 作目的狀語，用不定式的一般式，既可放于句首，也可置于句末；為加強語氣，也可用'so as to do（只能放在句尾）'或'in order to do（可放在句首或句尾）'表目的。
e.g.: He gets up early to read English.
Many farmers fertilize their crops in order to make them grow more quickly. 許多農民上化肥為的是讓作物長得更快。
3)作結果狀語。通常置于謂語動詞后面，所表示的行為通常發(fā)生在謂語動詞之后。
▼ 不定式短語表示結果時，常于only, just連用，暗示一種'意外的結果，意想不到，不料'
He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.
He hurried to the booking office, only to be told that all the tickets have been sold out.
▼ 不定式作結果狀語（并非意外的結果）， e.g.: They lived to see the liberation of their hometown.
She woke early to find it was raining.
In 1935, he left home never to return. 他離家結果一去不復返。
常用于以下結構：so (adj /adv) as to...
such (n.) as to...
too...to...
enough...to...
I'm too tired to walk any further tonight.
My son is old enough to go to school alone.
Would you be so kind as to give me an early reply?
I'm not such a fool as to believe that.
注：在有些句子中，too...to... 可表示肯定含義。
▼too 前有only, never, not, all, but , just, simply時( only too, all too, but too)表'非常'。
I'm only too glad to see you.
▼ 不定式符號to前有not 時。
You're too sad not to cry.
▼too后接easy, happy, really, willing. glad, surprise, eager, anxious等表示心情或描述性的形容詞時，
This book is too easy to understand.
7、不定式的否定形式： 'not/ never+不定式'
My father told me not to skate on the lake.
Father told me never to see her again.
特別提示：不定式作目的狀語時，否定形式不能用not to do sth.，應該用in order not to do sth 或so as not to do sth.
e.g.: I'm going to start now in order not to miss the beginning. 我現在就出發(fā)為的是不錯過開頭。
重點關注：
1．It is + adj for sb to do 或 It is adj of sb to do
我們常用for sb 或of sb.來做不定式的邏輯主語，什么情況下用for 或of，主要從以下兩方面來進行區(qū)別：
1) for sb的句型通常使用表示客觀情況的形容詞。如: easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, necessary, unnecessary. Interesting等。如：
e.g.: It is important for us to express our opinions
It is hard for him to get rid of his bad habits.
2) of sb 的句型一般用表示人的性格品質、主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如：good, kind, nice, wise, clever, silly. stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careful, careless, polite, impolite, rude 等
e.g.: It is clever of him to leave that country.
It was very kind of you to come to help me.
2． 疑問詞+不定式在句中起名詞的作用，可做主語，表語，賓語，相當于由該疑問詞引導的名詞性從句。
e.g.: How to prevent from swimming in this river is a problem.
He will teach us how to study.
My question is when to begin the experiment.
We must think of what to do next.
3． 不定式符號to 保留問題
有時為了避免重復，可用to 代替前面的不定式，這種情況常出現在下列動詞之后。
expect/ hope/ wish/ mean/ prefer/care/ forget/ want/ try/plan/hate...后或出現在be glad/happy/,would like/ love等的后面。
--Would you like to have some coffee?--Yes, I'd like to.
但是如果在省略的不定式結構中含有be, have, have been，這些詞也要保留。
--Are you on holiday?--No, but I'd like to be.
--I didn't tell him the news.--Oh, you ought to have.
My father wanted me to be a lawyer, but I didn't want to be.
4．省去to的不定式
1)在had better, would rather, would rather/ sooner ... than, might (just) as well, cannot ... but, why (not)等結構后的不定式，不定式符號常省略
e.g.: I'd rather/ sooner stop now.
I cannot but agree to his terms.
We might as well not have a car at all.
2)rather than, sooner than后多用不帶to的不定式（也見有用-ing分詞）
e.g.: Rather than get money in such a dishonest way, he would beg in the streets.
Rather than wasting time playing cards as usual, I devoted every effort to making an advertisement.
He did the work by himself rather than ask/ asking for help.
3)but, except, besides, other than后作賓語的不定式，且介詞之前有行為動詞do，不定式符號to常省略。
e.g.: What do you like to do besides swim?
Now he had given himself no choice but to tell her.
4)當what引導的名詞性從句作主語或all, everything等后接定語從句做主語，從句謂語部分含有行為動詞do，做表語的不定式可以省略不定式符號to（也可保留）
e.g.: The only thing I can do now is (to) go on by myself.
5)兩個或兩個以上由and、or連接，作用相同的不定式并列使用時，除第一個外其余不定式的to可省略。
e.g.: She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.
但兩者若有對比關系時，每個不定式前都要加to.
To be or not to be, that is the question.
He hasn't decided whether to go home or to stay at school.
6)主語被不定式修飾時，不定式做表語時省略to.
The thing for you to do is face the facts.你要做的事是面對事實。
5．不定式在句中作為獨立成分
有時不定式在句中作為獨立成分出現，用來說明說話人的態(tài)度，一般來講，人們已經把這些不定式作為固定詞組或固定搭配來運用。
e.g.: He can't walk fast, not to speak of running.他走不快，更不用說跑。
Strange to say, his hair turned white during the night.說來奇怪，他頭發(fā)一夜間變白了。
高考需記住的常用固定詞組有：to tell ( speak, say) the truth (說實話吧)，to make a long story short（長話短說），to be brief （簡而言之），to say nothing of（更不必說），not to speak of...（更不必說），not to mention...（更不必提），let alone (更不用說），strange to say（說也奇怪），to be exact（確切地說），to begin with（首先），to make things worse（更遭的是），to conclude (總而言之,最后)，to hear him talk（聽他說話的口氣）， so to speak（好比說）等等
二、-ing分詞
動詞-ing分詞是由動詞變化而來，既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的句法功能。
1．動詞-ing分詞的形式：
（1）一般式： Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。
（2）被動式： He came to the party without being invited．他未被邀請就來到了晚會。
（3）完成式： We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。
（4）完成被動式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。
（5）完成進行式：（這種形式高考很少會考察到）
Having been living in another city for two years, she misses her family very much.
（6）否定式：not + -ing分詞
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔沒聽他的勸告。
（7）復合結構：物主代詞（人稱代詞或名詞及其所有格）+ -ing分詞，在句中作賓語、介賓、主語，作狀語即是通常所說的'獨立結構'。
Do you mind my/me making a suggestion?
The discovery of new evidence led to the thief being caught.
His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。
Mary's coming late made the teacher very angry.瑪麗的遲到讓老師很生氣。
2．動詞-ing分詞的句法功能：
（1）作主語： （表一般或抽象的多次性的行為）
Reading aloud is very helpful. Collecting stamps is interesting.
Being misunderstood by others when you do nothing wrong at all is quite a bad experience.
當動詞-ing分詞短語作主語時，常用it作形式主語。It's no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。
（2）作表語： In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. 在螞蟻王國，蟻后的工作是產卵。
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. be + -ing既可能表示現在進行時，也可能是-ing分詞做表語，它們的區(qū)別在于be + -ing表示進行的動作是進行時，而表示特征時是系動詞be與現在分詞構成系表結構。
-ing分詞用于come, go, stand, sit, lie等少數動詞之后,表示這兩個動作同時發(fā)生
They stood talking to each other.
（3）作賓語：
They haven't finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我們必須阻止空氣被污染。
注意動詞-ing分詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語，如上面兩個例句。此外，動詞-ing分詞作賓語時，若跟有賓語補足語，則常用形式賓語it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發(fā)現取笑他人不好。
要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動詞-ing分詞作賓語：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承認）,deny（否認）, mind, permit, forbid, practice, risk（冒險）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent...(from), keep ...from, stop...(from), protect...from, set about, be engaged in, spend...(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
You can't imagine what difficulty we had walking home in the snowstorm.
allow, advise, forbid, permit, consider后接-ing分詞作賓語；如后接名詞或代詞作賓語，應用不定式作賓補，即allow/ permit/ forbid/ advise/ consider doing sth.和allow/ permit/ forbid/ advise/ consider sb. to do sth.
（4）作賓語補足語：
see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe, listen to, look at, find等表感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞、catch, leave, get, keep, set, start, have等表'致使'的動詞后可跟-ing分詞作賓語補足語,表示-ing分詞動作與主句動作同時發(fā)生： e.g.: Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。
還用在regard...as、describe...as、accept...as、think of...as等結構中
They described the little girl as being very clever.
（5）作定語：
①-ing分詞作定語，表示被修飾的名詞的用途。He can't walk without a walking-stick. Is there a swimming pool in your school?
當-ing分詞單獨做定語時，放在所修飾的名詞前；如果是-ing分詞短語做定語放在名詞后。
②表示正在進行的動作、經常性或習慣性動作或現在（當時）的狀態(tài)，相當于一個定語從句。
In the following years (=in the years that followed), he worked even harder.
The man speaking to the teacher (=who is speaking to the teacher) is our monitor's father.
（6）作同位語：
His habit, listening to the news on the radio, remains unchanged.他收聽收音機新聞節(jié)目的習慣仍未改變。
（7）作狀語：（作狀語時其邏輯主語與主句的主語一致，否則，需在分詞前加上邏輯主語構成獨立逐個結構）
①表時間： (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
②表原因： Being a League member, he is always helping others.
③表行為方式或伴隨狀況： He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.
Alice stopped speaking as if waiting for him to speak.
④表條件： (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
⑤表結果： He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.
⑥表讓步： Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
Weighing almost 100 pounds, the stone was moved by him alone.
⑦與邏輯主語構成獨立主格結構： I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard．
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
有時也可用with (without) +名詞（代詞賓格）+-ing分詞形式 With the lights burning, he fell asleep.
⑧作獨立成分（垂懸分詞）：
Frankly speaking（坦白地說），seeing（考慮到），considering/ taking ... into consideration（考慮到），supposing/ providing＝provided/ assuming（如果，假使）
Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 從外表看，他一定是個演員。
Walking or sleeping, the subject was always in my mind.
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來，女孩子更細心。
3. 下列句型用-ing分詞 It is/ was
You have no business talking to me the way you did yesterday.
It's great fun doing sth.
It's worthwhile doing sth.
There's no sense in doing sth. (做某事沒有道理)
It's a waste of time doing sth.
There's no point (in) doing sth. (沒有做某事的必要、理由、意義)
see no point (in) doing sth. (發(fā)現做某事沒有必要、理由、意義)
三、-ed分詞
-ed分詞只有一種形式：規(guī)則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構成；不規(guī)則動詞的-ed分詞沒有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則要求，要一一記住。 及物動詞的-ed分詞表示'被動'、'完成'意義，不及物動詞的-ed分詞表示'主動'、'完成'意義。
1. -ed分詞的句法功能：
1)作定語： Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.
The first mammal cloned from an adult cell was Dolly the sheep.
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting.
注意當-ed分詞是單詞時，一般用于名詞前，如果是-ed分詞短語，就放在名詞的后面。-ed分詞做定語相當于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句。
2)作表語： The window is broken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be + -ed分詞，如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結構，如果表示被動的動作則是被動語態(tài)。區(qū)別：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被動）
不及物動詞的-ed分詞是不能表示被動的，它們的-ed分詞只表示'完成'、'過去'。這類過去分詞有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。 如：
boiled water（開水）/ fallen leaves（落葉）/ newly arrived goods（新到的貨）/ the risen sun（升起的太陽）/ the changed world（變了的世界）
The ground is covered with fallen leaves. 地上鋪滿了落葉。
At present China is still less developed than most of western countries. 目前中國還沒有多數西方國家發(fā)達。
Eating boiled eggs will do you good. 吃煮雞蛋對你的身體有好處。
-ed分詞用于come, go, stand, sit, lie等少數動詞之后,表示這兩個動作同時發(fā)生
The boy sat at the table buried in his homework.
3)作賓語補足語（句子的賓語就是其邏輯主語）
I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
He found it hard to make himself understood.（have, make＋賓語＋-ed，該分詞動作是由別人做的而不是句子主語自己做的）
有時-ed分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語(獨立結構)，e.g.: With the work done, they went out to play.
4)作狀語：
Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper. （表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.（表示時間）
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.（表示條件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.（表示讓步）
The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. （表示伴隨）
2. -ed分詞的否定（not，never等）要放在過去分詞前面。如：
Not given enough time, I had to give up halfway.
3. 修飾分詞的副詞一般置于分詞的前面。如：
Greatly encouraged by the story, we are determined to do our best for the country.
4. -ed分詞還可以與其它詞組成合成形容詞。
1）副詞＋-ed分詞：well-educated（受過良好教育的），ill-treated（受到惡劣對待的），overused（被濫用的），homemade（家制的），underdeveloped（欠發(fā)達的），overdeveloped（過度開發(fā)的），well-loved（備受喜愛的），little-known（鮮為人知的），well-accepted（普遍接受的）
2）名詞＋-ed分詞：hand-made（手工制作的），man-made（人造的），handwritten（手寫的）
3））另外還有，形容詞（或名詞）＋名詞＋-ed的形式：kind-hearted（心地善良的），absent-minded（心不在焉的）， warm-blooded（<動物>溫血的；易激動的），empty-handed（空手的）
形容詞化的-ed分詞與-ing分詞
有些動詞的-ed分詞和-ing分詞已經變成了形容詞，這類動詞的往往與人的心理感受有關，如：
amaze（使吃驚）- amazed - amazing; excite（使興奮）- excited - exciting, please（使?jié)M意）- pleased - pleasing, thrill（使緊張）- thrilled - thrilling等。這類-ed分詞表示：
①'感到......的（having the feeling of ）'，表示人的感受，例如：
The public was shocked at his intention to clone a human. 公眾對他克隆人的意圖感到震驚。
The disappointed parents gave a wry smile.（感到）失望的父母苦笑了笑。
②流露出......的（showing the feeling of），用來形容人的'表情、眼神'等，常修飾像look, expression, eye等名詞，如：
The audience wore a bored look on their faces. 聽眾臉上掛著厭煩的表情。
-ing分詞則表示'令人（感到）......的（giving the feeling of），多修飾表示事物的名詞，但也不盡然，在特定的語境中要多加推敲。如：
The result is disappointing. 結果令人失望。
They rejoiced at the exciting news. 他們對這令人興奮的消息欣喜若狂。
試比較：the disappointed boy（感到）失望的男孩（意思是說這個男孩感到失望）
the disappointing boy 令人失望的男孩（意思是說這個男孩令人失望）
三、圖解分詞（分詞各種形式的比較）
在多數情況下，-ing分詞表示'主動'、'進行'的含義； -ed分詞表示'被動'、'完成'的含義；
如果是'被動'但又是'進行'，那么就用'-ing分詞的被動式'，'-ing分詞的被動式'一般用作定語。
如果是'主動'但又是'完成'，那么就用'-ing分詞的完成式'，'-ing分詞的完成式' 一般用作狀語。
-ing分詞的被動式 the bridge being built 正在（被）興建的橋
主動 ＋ 進行 ＝-ing分詞 the workers building the bridge 正在建橋的工人
被動 ＋ 完成 ＝-ed分詞 the bridge built 已（被）建成的橋
-ing分詞的完成式 Having built the bridge, the workers were allowed some days' leave. 建完了橋后，...
獨立主格結構
當分詞的邏輯主語與主句主語不一致時，常采用獨立主格結構，即帶主語的分詞，在句中一般作狀語，
1）表時間：Her homework done, Mary decided to go shopping.
2）表原因：There being no bus then, he had to stay for another day.
3）表條件：Weather permitting, we'll go to play basketball.
4）表伴隨：He sat at the table, head down.
(也見作同位語、定語，高考很少會考察到。)
其基本形式為：'名詞或代詞＋非謂語動詞等'：
①n./pron. + -ing (-ing分詞與n./pron.為主謂關系，表示該n/pron.主動進行的動作或狀態(tài))
The man lay there, his hands trembling.
有時-ing分詞如是being、having been，在獨立主格結構中可以省略，
e.g.: The weather (being) fine, we decided to go on an outing.
②n./pron. + -ed (-ed分詞與n./pron.為動賓關系，表示該n./pron.被動完成的動作)
The girl lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head.
③n./pron. +不定式短語（不定式表將來）He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.
④n/pron. + adj.短語（性質、狀態(tài)等）The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.
⑤n/pron. + adv短語（狀態(tài)）The meeting over, we all went home.
⑥n./pron. + prep短語The teacher came in, a book in his hand.
⑦'with/ without +賓語+賓補(-ing/ -ed/ 不定式/adj./ adv./ prep)'，在句中作狀語、定語。
With so much work to do, I shall not be able to watch the match with you.
Without anything to eat, he died of hunger.
John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work finished, he gladly accepted it.
He likes reading with music on.
The woman with a baby in her arms is my aunt.
有時獨立主格結構中名詞前的修飾詞可省略。e.g.: The boy sat quietly in the office, (his) eyes closed/ (a) book in (his) hand.
There be結構的非謂語形式
在句中作主語、賓語、狀語。
1、作動詞的賓語時，用there to be不用there being，常用這種結構的動詞有expect, want, would like, intend, prefer, like, hate, mean等
He hates there to be long queues everywhere.
Ann never expects there to be a chance for her to be sent abroad very soon.
It's important for there to be a fire-escape.
但在let there be搭配中用不帶to的不定式
Let there be no mistake about this. Don't let there be any noise.
2、作主語時兩種結構皆可。There being a primary school here is a great convenience to the children.
3、作狀語多用there being，但在介詞for之后用there to be。
There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself.
It is too early for there to be anybody up.（太早了，還不會有人起床）
非謂語動詞測驗
1. He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them _______ in his lectures.
A. interested B. interesting C. interest D. to interest
2. Every evening after dinner, if not ______ from work, I will spend some time walking my dog.
A. being tired B. tiring C. tired D. to be tired
3. So far nobody has claimed the money ______ in the library.
A. discovered B. to be discovered C. discovering D. having discovered
4. In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained _______ abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.
A. sticking B. stuck C. to be stuck D. to have stuck
5. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _____ in a short period.
A. improved B. improving C. to improve D. improve
6. -- How are they getting on with their work? -- All goes well as ______.
A. to be planned B. being planned C. planned D. planning
7. A brilliant idea occurred to him, ______ to his research in the lab.
A. while devoting B. while devoting himself C. while he was devoted D. while devoted
8. The book mainly deals with the trouble teens might have ______ right from wrong.
A. distinguishing B. distinguished C. to distinguish D. to be distinguished
9. _______ from Milan Trenc's novel, the film Night at the Museum brings to life a world where dinosaurs wander the earth.
A. Adapted B. Adapting C. Having adapted D. To be adapted
10. When we visited my old family home, memory came _______ back.
A. flooding B. to flood C. flood D. flooded
11. -- Can those _______ at the back of the classroom hear me? -- No problem.
A. seat B. sit C. seated D. sat
12. ______ by a greater demand for vegetables, farmers have built more green houses.
A. Driven B. Being driven C. To drive D. Having driven
13. If there's a lot of work _____, I'm happy to just keep on until it is finished.
A. to do B. to be doing C. done D. doing
14. Lucy's new job paid twice as much as she had made _______ in the restaurant.
A. working B. work C. to work D. worked
15. Something as simple as _______ some cold water may clear your mind and relieve pressure.
A. to drink B. drinking C. to be drinking D. drunk
16. _______ and guilty, Maggie put the book back on the shelf she had secretly placed in her schoolbag.
A. Frightened B. Frightening C. Being frightened D. To be frightening
17. Each time invited to a dinner, she always refuses, ______ she has to take care of her baby.
A. to say B. saying C. says D. having said
18. It does make sense ______ after ______. You should cheer up and practice hard instead.
A. to complain; being defeated B. complain; defeating
C. complain; being defeated D. to complain; defeating
19. She couldn't help, even though she tried not to, _______ at the strange clothes her friend was wearing.
A. to laugh B. laugh C. laughing D. laughed
20. Exciting as its special effects are ______, there is too much violence in the film.
A. to watch B. to be watching C. watching D. being watched
21. -- What has made him upset recently?
-- ______ alone to face a troublesome milk case.
A. Left B. Being left C. Having left D. To leave
22. Because of the heavy sandstorm, we had to put off the visit until tomorrow to the exhibition of painting _______ in the nearby city.
A. to hold B. held C. holding D. being held
23. While building a tube through the mountain, _________.
A. an underground lake was discovered B. there was an underground lake discovered
C. a lake was discovered underground D. the workers discovered an underground lake
24. The traffic problems we are looking forward to seeing _______ should have attracted the government's attention.
A. solving B. solve C. to solve D. solved
25. -- Where were you yesterday? I didn't find you ______ the concert!
-- I had not been informed of _______ a concert.
A. attend; there to be B. attending; there being
C. attended; there be D. to attend; there been
26. If your composition _______ by the end of this week is delayed, you're sure to lose some points from your final result.
A. to be finished B. is finished C. will have been finished D. finishing
27. David apologized for _______ to inform me of the change in the plan.
A. his being not able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to be not able
28. Ashley, _______ such cases, is sure instantly to come up with a brilliant idea.
A. experiencing B. having experienced C. to experience D. experienced
29. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _______, he gladly accepted it.
A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished
30. ______ local customs can often lead to misunderstandings when people go abroad.
A. Not having known B. Not to be known C. Not knowing D. Not to have known
31.Nearly half a million people are believed ______ their homes as a result of the disaster in the past months.
A. to leave B. to be left C. to be leaving D. to have left
32. The silence of the library is sometimes broken by a sudden cough or the sound of pages _____.
A. turning B. turned C. being turned D. having turned
33. ______ the working efficiency, the boss allows the employees to have a coffee break.
A. Improving B. To improve C. Having improved D. Improved
34. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance, ________ in natural light during the day.
A. to let B. letting C. let D. having let
35. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecrafts, the most recent at the end of last March.
A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched
36. ______ from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.
A. Seen B. Seeing C. Having seen D. To see
37. The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu, _______ the students to return to their classrooms.
A. enabling B. having enabled C. to enable D. to have enabled
38. ______ the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars.
A. Giving B. Having given C. To give D. Given
39. Feeling more and more pressure from the environment _______, the government has decided to close down the factories pouring out poisonous chemicals.
A. polluted B. having polluted C. being polluted D. having been polluted
40. Technologically _______, China's Change project does better than any earlier project of the same kind.
A. speaking B. spoken C. speak D. to speak
41. The message is very important, so it is supposed _______ as soon as possible.
A. to send B. to be sent C. being sent D. sending
42. Don't respond to any e-mails ______ personal information, no matter how official they look.
A. searching B. asking C. requesting D. questioning
43. He hurried to the booking office, only ______ that all the tickets has been sold out.
A. to be told B. to tell C. told D. telling
44. You have no business______ to me the way you did yesterday.
A. about talking B. talking C. talked D. on talking
45. We must treasure every minute because______ time is ______forever.
A. lost; losing B. lost; lost C. losing; losing D. losing; lost
46. --The plan is heard _______ so well that we don't have to make any changes.
-- It is indeed.
A. to design B. designing C. designed D. design
47. The woman found it no good ____ her daughter too much money.
A. giving B. being given C. given D. gave
48. Her dress has become loose. She appears ____ weight.
A. to lose B. being lost C. losing D. to have lost
49. The purpose of new drugs used on patients is to make them less painful, _______ them more terrible.
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
50. -- I would like to buy an expensive camera.
-- Well. We have several models ____.
A. to choose from B. of choice C. to be chosen D. for choosing
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