1. besides, except, except for, but
① besides是指“除……之外還（又）”，包括后面所提及的人或物在內。
Twenty-five students went to the cinema besides him.
② except是指“拋開……不談”，不包括后面所提及的人或物在內。
Twenty-five students went to the cinema except him.
③ except for是指“除了”，不包括后面所提及的人或物在內，后面跟的詞與句子的主語不屬于同類。
Your article is very good except for some mistakes.
④ but常與every, any, all, none, no以及它們與one, thing, body, where構成的復合詞等連用。有的已經成為了慣用語，如：all but（幾乎，除……之外全部），anything but（除……之外都），nothing but（只不過是……）。
There is nothing but a cup on the table.
2. reach, arrive in/at, get to
① reach +地點，意思是“到達”。
② arrive in+大地方，arrive at+小地方，意思是“抵達、到達某地（尤指行程的終點）”。
③ get to+地點，意思是“到達”。
注意：當arrive in/at和get to后面跟的是地點副詞here, there, home等時，則省略介詞in/at/to。當只表明“到了”，而未表明地點時，用arrive。
3. at the end of, in the end, by the end of
① at the end of 指某段時間的結束或某段路程的終止處，意思是“在......結束時”，“在......盡頭”。
Our school held a sports meeting at the end of last term.
At the end of this street you will find a bookshop.
② in the end 相當于at last, finally，意思是“最后，終于”。
In the end, they caught the thief.
③ by the end of 用于過去完成時或將來時，意思是“到......末為止”。
By the end of last term, we had learned five English songs.
This question will have been answered by the end of today.
4. it, one, that
① it 代替上文所提到的那個事物，一般指物，不指人?？梢源鎲螖悼蓴得~或不可數名詞。復數形式是they或them。
I have 50 yuan. My uncle gave it to me last week.
② one 代替上文出現過的單數名詞，以免重復。泛指代人或物。所指代的人或物屬于同類事物中不同的一個，即替代的是一個帶有不定冠詞的可數名詞的單數形式。復數形式是ones。
I have lost my old watch. This is a new one.
③ that 代替前面同類不是同一的事物?？梢源鎲螖悼蓴得~或不可數名詞。代替可數名詞時，復數形式是those。that不可以代替表示人的名詞，它可以根據語義在后面加上一些定語，多數是of的短語；它的前面不能存在任何定語。
The water in wells is cleaner than that in the rivers.
5. look for, look up, find, find out
① look for意思是“尋找”，強調找的過程。
② look up 意思是“查找”，強調查字典、電話號碼。
③ find意思是“找到，發(fā)現”，強調找的結果。
④ find out意思是“查明，發(fā)現，了解”，指的是經過認真觀察、調查或研究把某事或某物查出來、搞清楚，多用于復雜而不容易直接查出的情況。
6. as well, as well as
① as well 相當于also, too，意思是“也，又”。常放在句子末尾，無需用逗號與句子分開。
I am going to London and my sister is going as well.
② as well as意思是“也，還”。常用來連接兩個并列的成分。連接連個并列的主語時，謂語動詞與前面的主語保持一致；翻譯時先翻譯后面，再翻譯前面。
Your wife as well as you is friendly to me.
7. rather than, instead of, in place of
① rather than和would連用時構成would rather ... than ...，意思是“寧愿......而不愿......”的句式，表示主觀愿望，在兩者中擇一。
She would rather die than lose her children.
② rather than不和would連用時，表示客觀事實，意思是“是......而不是......；與其......不如......”。它的并列成分可以是名詞、代詞、形容詞、介詞（短語）、動名詞、分句、不定式、動詞等等。rather than連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞應該和前面的主語保持一致。rather than連接兩個不定式時，不定式可以帶to，也可以不帶to。
He is an explorer rather than a sailor.
You rather than I are going to go camping.
I decided to write rather than (to) telephone.
③ instead of 意思是“代替”，“做......而不做......”。
My parents just called me. I’m afraid I have to have dinner with them instead of shopping with you tonight.
④ in place of 意思是“代替”。著重強調一種物質替換另一種物質。
Plastics are now often used in place of wood or metal.
8. alive, living
① alive意思是“活著的，有生命的”，和系動詞be連用，著重表示一種狀態(tài)，作表語。
He was still alive after the car accident.
② living意思是“有生命的，生活的”，在句子中作定語，放在所修飾的名詞的前面或代詞的后面。
There are no living things on the moon.
10. say, speak, talk, tell
① say+內容（+語言），意思是“說”。Say goodbye / a word.
Say it in English, please.
Can you understand what she said.
② speak+語言，意思是“講話”。
Would you speak Chinese, please? I can’t understand you.
③ talk意思是 “講話，談論，談話”。talk to / with /about
They were talking about a film when the teacher came in.
④ tell意思是 “告訴，講述”。tell+抽象的整體 tell a story
tell sth. to sb. tell sb. (about) sth. tell sb. (not) to do sth.
I’ll tell her the news as soon as I see her.
11. be used to do sth., be used to doing sth., used to do sth.
① be used to do sth. 是use sth. to do sth.的被動語態(tài)，意思是“被用來做...... ”。
Nowadays, robots are used to do some dangerous things instead of human beings.
② be/get used to doing sth. “習慣于做...... ”，be/get是系動詞，used是形容詞，to是介詞。
The man was used to living in the countryside.
③ used to do sth. “過去常常做...... ”。
12. be famous for, be famous as
① be famous for相當于be known for，意思是“以......而聞名”。
The town is famous for its beautiful scenery.
② be famous as 意思是“作為......出名；以......身份而聞名”。
Jay Chou is famous as a singer.
13. watch sb do sth., watch sb doing sth.
① watch sb do sth 意思是“看見某人做過”，強調動作的全過程。
I watch the thief steal the book from the desk.
Did she watch the children cross the road?
② watch sb doing sth意思是“看見某人正在做...... ”。強調動作正在進行。
I watch the thief stealing the book from the desk.
She watched the children crossing the road.
③ 類似用法的詞有see, hear等。
14. cross, across, through
① cross是動詞，across和through是介詞。
They crossed the river by the boat.
② across意思是“橫穿，橫過”，指的是從物體的表面上穿過。
I swam across the river 20 years ago.
③ through意思是“貫通，直穿，透過”，指的是立體空間中的穿過。
They walked slowly through the woods.
The sunshine shone in the bedroom through the window.
15. in a way, in this way, by the way, on the way
① in a way意思是“在某種程度上；在某種意義上”。
In a way, it is a good book.
② in this way 意思是“用這種辦法”。
In this way, you can speak English well.
③ on the way意思是“在路上，在途中”。
On the way home my father told me a story.
④ by the way意思是“順便說”。
By the way, have you seen the film before?
16. stop to do sth., stop doing sth.
① stop to do sth.意思是“停下來去做某事”。
As soon as the teacher left, students stopped to talk.
② stop doing sth.意思是“停止做某事”。
The students stopped talking as soon as they saw the teacher.
③ stop … from doing sth.意思是“阻止……做……”。
Please stop them from playing fire.
17. take part in, join in, join
① take part in意思是“參加”，指的是參加群眾性活動或會議，并在其中起一定的作用。
These days, students take part in many activities.
② join意思是“參加，加入”，指的是加入組織、團體、黨派等，成為其中的一員。
He joined the army in 1998 and joined the Party the next year.
③ join in意思是“參加某活動”，后面跟的賓語一般是表示競賽、游戲、娛樂等活動的名詞，常用搭配join sb. in (doing) sth.
Everyone should join in the game.
18. be familiar to, be familiar with
① be familiar to意思是“某事對某人是熟悉的”，主語一定是sth.。
Your name is very familiar to me.
② be familiar with意思是“某人對某事是精通的、熟悉的”，主語一定是sb.。
He has become familiar with the city.
20. have gone to, have been to, have been in
① have gone to意思是“去了”，可能在途中或在目的地，人還沒回來。
My father has gone to Shanghai and will be back in a week.
② have been to意思是“到過”，曾經去過某地，現在人已經回來了。
He has been to Shanghai three times.
③ have been in+地點+一段時間意思是“在某地停留了一段時間”。
He has been in Hangzhou for three years.
21. see, look, watch, read, notice
① look指的是有意識的觀看，強調看的動作，其后接賓語時，一定要加介詞at。
Look! What are they doing?
② see指的是視覺器官有意識或無意識的看到的物體，強調看的結果，意思是“看見，看到”。如看醫(yī)生see the doctor，看電影see a film。
I looked but saw nothing.
③ watch意思是“觀看、注視”，指的是以較大的注意力觀看。常用于看比賽watch a match，看電視watch TV。
His father often watches TV in the evening.
④ read意思是“讀”，看書、看信、看報紙等常用read。
Don’t read in the bed.
⑤ notice意思是“注意到，看到”，指的是有意識的注意，含有從不注意到注意的變化。
He noticed a purse lying on the ground.
22. be made of, be made from, be made into
① be made of意思是“由……制成”，指在成品中可以看出原材料，如木制的桌椅、家具等，其制作過程只發(fā)生了物理變化。
The chair is made of wood.
② be made from意思是“某物由……制成”，指制成的東西完全失去了原材料的外形或特征，或原材料在制作過程中發(fā)生了化學變化，在成品中已經無法辨認。
Wine is made from grapes.
③ be made into意思是“某種原料被制成某種成品”，指某種原料被制成某種產品，與be made of / from正好相反。be made into的主語是原料，其后跟產品。
Grapes can be made into wine.
22. be made of, be made from, be made into
① be made of意思是“由……制成”，指在成品中可以看出原材料，如木制的桌椅、家具等，其制作過程只發(fā)生了物理變化。
The chair is made of wood.
② be made from意思是“某物由……制成”，指制成的東西完全失去了原材料的外形或特征，或原材料在制作過程中發(fā)生了化學變化，在成品中已經無法辨認。
Wine is made from grapes.
③ be made into意思是“某種原料被制成某種成品”，指某種原料被制成某種產品，與be made of / from正好相反。be made into的主語是原料，其后跟產品。
Grapes can be made into wine.
24. in front of, in the front of
① in front of意思是“在……的前面”，兩者不在同一整體即在范圍外。
There is a big tree in front of my house.
②in the front of意思是“在……的前面”，兩者在同一整體即在范圍內。
There is a big desk in the front of the classroom.
25. spend, pay, take, cost
★spent
① I often spend the holiday with my parents.
② I often spend two hours doing my homework every night. （介詞in可以省略）
③ I often spend two hours on my homework every night.
★ paid
① I paid five yuan for the book. = I bought the book for five yuan.
② I paid for the book.
★ took
It + takes / took +sb. + 時間 + to do sth.（it是形式主語，to do sth.是真正的主語）
It took me two hours to read this book.
It takes her half an hour to go to school on foot every day.
★ cost
sth. (物) + cost + sb. + 錢 / too much
The pen cost me five yuan.
26. advice, advise, suggest, suggestion
① advise和suggest都是動詞，advise sb. to do sth.和suggest doing sth.意思均為“建議某人做某事”。
② advice和suggestion是名詞。advice是不可數名詞，意思是“忠告，意見，指點”，是指具有豐富的知識、足夠的經驗、正確的判斷力和明智的觀點的人對另一個人的“勸告”或“見解”，在表示數量時需要加量詞，如a piece of advice。
③ suggestion是可數名詞，意思是“意見，建議，提議”，特指為了改進或解決某一問題而提出的建議、辦法，但不一定正確，僅供參考。
27. the number of, a number of
①the number of意思是”……的數量”，后跟可數名詞的復數形式，作
主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式。
② a number of意思是“許多，大量”，后跟可數名詞的復數形式，作主語時，謂語動詞用復數形式。
29. till, quiet, calm, silent
① still意思是“寂靜的”。表示一動不動的靜態(tài)，常指吵鬧、激動之后或之間的安靜。
② quiet指的是“沒有喧鬧、活動或騷亂的寂靜狀態(tài)”，與吵鬧、噪音等相對。
③ calm 既可以指天氣、海洋等的平靜狀態(tài)，又可以指人的鎮(zhèn)靜、沉著、不慌亂、不受外界影響和情緒支配。
④ silent指的是“不發(fā)出聲音或不說話”，亦可以引申為“對……保持沉默，不發(fā)表意見”。
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