專題2 語法填空（二）——語法復習
方法與知識
優(yōu)等生基本沒有知識的問題，所以優(yōu)等生的備考沖刺重點在于：1.梳理正確的做題方法和技巧；2.精選難度適中的訓練題。
動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)
命題規(guī)律
時態(tài)與語態(tài)一直是熱點，也是廣大考生復習備考的難點?？季V要求考生應(yīng)該具備較強的語言應(yīng)用能力，能在具體語境中恰當、準確地使用某一特定時態(tài)；熟練掌握常見的8種時態(tài)，弄清16種時態(tài)，同時還要熟練運用特殊時態(tài)句式和用法以及不用被動式但表示被動的動詞和短語。高考對時態(tài)的考查非常靈活且難度較大，不易把握。大部分時
態(tài)題答案的選擇取決于語境；但也有部分時態(tài)試題較易把握，其用法相對固定，常見于特定句式結(jié)構(gòu)中；還有部分常見時態(tài)用法特殊。
時態(tài)和語態(tài)高考常考點：
（1）一般現(xiàn)在時考點分析： ①表示客觀事實或普通真理（不受時態(tài)限制）。②表示現(xiàn)狀、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)時多用系動詞或狀態(tài)動詞；表示經(jīng)常或習慣性的動作，多用動作動詞，且常與表頻率的時間狀語連用。③表示知覺、態(tài)度、感情、某種抽象的關(guān)系或概念的詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。④在時間、條件狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。但要注意由if 引導的條件狀語從句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示時態(tài)。⑤少數(shù)用于表示起止的動詞如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、cl
ose、end、stop等常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，表示一個按規(guī)定、計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作。當be表示根據(jù)時間或事先安排，肯定會出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，只用一般現(xiàn)在時。
（2）一般過去時的考
點分析：①一般過去時的基本用法：表示過去的事情、動作或狀態(tài)常與表示過去具體的時間狀語連用（或有上下文語境暗示）；用于表達過去的習慣；表示說話人原來沒有料到、想到或希望的事通常用過去式。②如果從句中有一個過去的時間狀語，盡管從句中的動作先于主句發(fā)生，但從句中的謂語動詞連用過去式。③表示兩個緊接著發(fā)生的動作，常用用一般過去時。
（3）一般將來時考點分析：①表示未來的動作或狀態(tài)常用will / shall + 動詞（常與表示將來的時間狀語邊用如tomorrow、next
week等）。②表示一種趨向或習慣動作。③表示趨向行為的動詞如come、go、start、begin、leave等詞常用進行時的形式表示將來時。④be going to與will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及區(qū)別：be going to 表示現(xiàn)在打算在最近或?qū)硪瞿呈拢@種打算往往經(jīng)過事先考慮，甚至已做了某種準備；shall / will do表示未事先考慮過，即說話時臨時作出的決定。be going to 表將來，不能用在條件狀語從句的主句中；而will則能，表意愿。be to do sth.表按計劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作，還可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接時間狀語或狀語從句。
（4）現(xiàn)在進行時考點分析：①表示說話時正在發(fā)生著的一個動作；表示現(xiàn)階段但不一定是發(fā)生在講話時；表近期特定的安排或計劃；go、come等起止動作可用進行時代替將來時。②下面四類動詞不宜用現(xiàn)在進行時。（A）表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的狀態(tài)的動詞：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。（C）表示一時性動作的動詞：allow, accept
, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的動詞：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。
（5）過去完成時考點分析：①常用過去完成時的幾種情況：（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示過去某一時間的短語或從句以前發(fā)生的動作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. (B)表示曾實現(xiàn)的希望、打算、意圖、諾言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/though / wanted / expected等或用上述動詞過去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned … + to have done。（C）“時間名詞 + before”在句子中作狀語，謂語動詞用過去完成時；“時間名詞 + ago”在句中作狀語，謂語動詞用一般過去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left
school 3 years ago.（D）表示“一……就”的幾個句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主語 + 過去分詞 + when / than / before + 一般過去時。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.②在before或after引導的時間狀語從句中用一般過去時態(tài)代替過去完成時。
（6）過去將來時考點分析。參照一般將來時對比：用would do、was / were going to do sth.表過去將來；come、go、leave等過去進行時表過去將來時；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表過去將來。
（7）過去進行時考點分析。①過去某一時刻正在進行的動作或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生或頻繁發(fā)生。②某一動作發(fā)生時另一動作正在發(fā)生，其中一個在由when或while引導的時間狀語從句中。
（8）現(xiàn)在完成時考點分析。①現(xiàn)在完成時除可以和for、since引導的狀語連用外，還可以和下面的介詞短語連用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。②下列句型中常
用現(xiàn)在完成時It is (has been) + 一段時間 + since從句；This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that + 完成時；This(Tha
t / It)is the only … + that + 完成時；This(that / It)is the best / finest / m
ost interesting … + that 從句 + 完成時。③在時間或條件狀語從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時可以代替一般將來時。
（9）被動語態(tài)考點分析：被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式：be + 過去分詞，口語只也有用get / become + 過去分詞表示。被動語態(tài)的基本用法：不知道或沒必要提到動作的執(zhí)
行者是誰時用被動語態(tài)。強調(diào)或突出動作的承受者常用被動語態(tài)（by短語有時可以省略）。使用被動語態(tài)時應(yīng)注意的幾個問題：①主動變化被動時雙賓語的變化。②主動變被動時，賓補成主補（位置不變）；（作補語的）不定式前需加to。③短語動詞變被動語態(tài)時，勿要掉“尾巴”。④情態(tài)動詞和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等結(jié)構(gòu)變被動語態(tài)，只需將它們后面的動詞原形變?yōu)閎e +過去分詞。⑤當句子的謂語為say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等時，被動語態(tài)有兩種形式：（A）謂語動詞用被動語態(tài)，動詞不定式作主補。（B）用it作形式主語，真正的主語在后面用主語在后面用主語從句來表示。
【考例分析】
【例1】He ______ (pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.
【解析】was pretending 由“and giving”可確定，用過去進行時，構(gòu)成并列謂語。
情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣
命題規(guī)律
情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣考點，是英語高考中的必考點。在高考中主要考查點有：情態(tài)動詞的基本用法、情態(tài)動詞表推測的用法、情態(tài)動詞在虛擬語氣中的用法、虛擬條件句的用法、虛擬語氣在名詞性從句中的用法、時間錯綜的虛擬條件句等。
情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣高考?？键c：
情態(tài)動詞的用法復雜多變,在高考
試題中占的比重一直比較穩(wěn)定,每年總有一至兩個題,
可以單獨考查,也可以結(jié)合虛擬語氣考查。命題者常常利用語境和句子之間意義上的細微差別來考查考生對情態(tài)動詞的理解和掌握,難度也保持較為穩(wěn)定的趨勢。其考點主要包括：
1、考查情態(tài)動詞的基本用法。如：can和could的用法及區(qū)別；will和would的用法及區(qū)別；must的用法；shall用于不同人稱時的用法和should的各種用法；need的用法等。
2、考查情態(tài)動詞的“推測”功能。如：can，could，may，might，must 皆可表示推測，使用時要注意以下幾點：（1）注意語氣。語氣較強用must, cannot，couldn’t；語氣較弱may，might或can，could；（2）注意句式。在肯定句中，一般用may，might，must；在否定句，疑問句中常用can，could；（3）注意時態(tài)。表示對現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r的推測，此時通常用“情態(tài)動詞+ 動詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)；表示對現(xiàn)在或?qū)碚谶M行的情況進行推測，通常用“情態(tài)動詞+進行體”結(jié)構(gòu)；表示對過去情況的推測，通常用“情態(tài)動詞+完成體”結(jié)構(gòu)。
3、考查情態(tài)動詞的特殊用法。如：
（1）cannot ／can't 與too／over（‐)／enough ／perfectly ／sufficiently 等詞連用，意為“越…越…”“無論怎樣… …也不為過”、“決不會… …夠(過)”。
（2）cannot wait to do sth意為“急于做某事”，。
（3）would 和used to的區(qū)別；can 和be able to的區(qū)別。
（4）“may / might well＋動詞原形”意為“理應(yīng)，有足夠的理由”；“may/ might as well＋動詞原形”意為“還不如，不妨，還是…的好”。
（5）must表示偏執(zhí)型，意為“偏要”；“硬要”；can用在肯定句，可以表示客觀上的“可能性”；shall用在法律、條約、協(xié)定等文件中可以表示義務(wù)、規(guī)定等；should表示估計或推測上的“應(yīng)該”，譯為“可能，該，估計，按理應(yīng)當”；will 可以表示習慣和傾向性，意為“慣于, 老是, 終歸是”等。
4、考查虛擬語氣在各種從句以及隱含、混合等句中的運用。如：wish，as if/though，if only，would rather，otherwise, without等。
【考例分析】
【例1】It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I _______(do) it?
【答案】had done
【解析】題意：John打壞了窗戶，為什么跟“我”談話？好像是“我”打壞了窗戶似的。題中broke表明“打壞窗戶”發(fā)生在“過去”。as if / though后面的從句用had done表示對“過去”的虛擬。
【例2】If Mr. Dewey- _____(be) present, he would have offered any possible assistance to
the people there.
【答案】had been
【解析】本題考查的是if條件從句與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣，故從句用had + v-ed，主句用would / could/ should / might + v-ed。句意：如果Dewey先生在場的話，他會提供那里人們的任何可能的幫助。
【方法總結(jié)】考查情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣主要是借助情態(tài)動詞考時態(tài)。
體驗高考
1.【2017·新課標III】閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入 1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
She looks like any other schoolgirl, fresh-faced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to challenge of her new A-level course .But unlike school friends ,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term 61 (real)Instead, she is earning $6500 a day as 62 model in New York.
Sarah 63 (tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel earning a million dollars in the new year. Her father Peter44,want her to give up school to model fulltime But Sarah, 64 has taken part in shows along with top models wants 65 (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty she is determined to carry on with her 66 (educate).
She has turned down several 67 (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies After school she plans to take a year off to model full time before going to university to get a degree 68 engineering or architecture.
Sarah says, 'My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school 69 (come) first. I don't want to get too absorbed in modeling. It is 70 (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal. I don't want to have nothing else to fall b
ack on when I can't model my more.'
2.【2017·浙江卷】閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個單詞）或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
Last October , while tending her garden in Mora , Sweden , Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small 56 (carrot) and was about to throw them away. But something m
ade her look closer , and she noticed a 57 (shine) object. Yes, there beneath the leafy top of one tiny carrot was her long-lost wedding ring.
Pahlsson screamed 58 loudly that her daughter came running from the house. “she thought I had hurt 59 (I),”says Pahlsson
Sixteen years 60 (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring 61 (cook) a meal. When she wanted to put the ring back on later, it was gone. She suspected that one of her three daughters —then ten, eight, and six— had picked it up, but the girls said they hadn't. Pahlsson and her husband 62 (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing. “I gave up hope of finding my ring again,' she says. She never replaced it.
Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got 63 (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubb
ish and was spread over the garden, 64 it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生長) through it. For Pahlsson, its return was 65 wonder.
4. [2016·全國卷Ⅲ]
閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個單詞)或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
In much of Asia, especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, Korea, 1.________ Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
Chopsticks are usually two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic, animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might 2.________ (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal 3.________ (create) special designs.
The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably cooked their food
in large pots, 4.________ (use) twigs(樹枝) to remove it. Over time, 5.________ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which 6.________ (gradual) turned into chopsticks.
Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, 7.________ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C., influenced the 8.________ (develop) of chopsticks. Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and 9.________ (be) too violent for use at the table.
Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat 10.________ their hands.
模擬新題精選
1. 【吉林省百校聯(lián)盟2018屆高三TOP20十一月聯(lián)考】閱讀
下面短文，在空白處填入1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
As a country that pays great attention to good manners, the food culture is deeply rooted in China’s history. As a visitor or guest in ___40___ a Chinese home or restaurant, you will find that table manners are essential in our daily life!
It is really an ___41___ (admire) custom to respect others at table, the aged, teachers and guests ___42___(include) while taking good care of children. Meanwhile, ___43___ practice of presenting the best or fine food first to the senior members of the family has been observed for countless ___44___ (generation), In ancient times the common people ___45___ (lead) a needy life but they still tried their best b=to support the elder mother or father who took it for granted.
Although the hosts in China are all friendly and hospitable, you should also show them respect. Before ___46___(start) to eat dinner, the host may offer some words of greeting. Guests should not start to eat until the host says, “Everybody, please enjoy ___47___ (you)” or something like that, otherwise it suggests disrespect and causes displeasure.
When hosts place dishes on the table, they will arrange the main courses at the center with the supporting dishes evenly placed around them. When the main dishes ___48___ (prepare) in a decorative form either by cut or other means they will be placed facing major guests and elder people at the table, ___49___ also represents virtue.
2. 【河南省八市2018屆高三上學期第二次測評】閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當?shù)膬?nèi)容（每空一詞）或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
A South Korean biomedical start-up called Ybrain has developed a headband that they claim will offer relief from the symptoms of___41___(depress). The device, called Mindd, works___42___(use) a technique called transcranial direct-current stimulation(tDCS). Here, a low-voltage electrical current___43___(apply) to specific areas in the brain via electrodes(電極) placed on the skull.
tDCS is not new-the basic___44___(principle) have been understood since the early 19th century. But the past decade or so has seen increased interest in its use in treating neurological and psychiatric conditions, and a 2016 meta-analysis of hundreds of studies concluded that it’s “possibly or probably effective”___45___a treatment for depression.
tDCS equipment can stimulate particular brain regions either ‘a(chǎn)nodally’ (increasing neuronal activity)___46___‘cathodally’ (decreasing neuronal activity). The Mindd headset applies anodal stimulation via electrodes in the headband to the frontal lobe, an area___47___decreased activity is associated with depressive disorders. Mindd is not intended as a DIY solution: patients would use it in___48___own homes, and all data regarding treatment would be sent automatically to their doctor.
The headband is___49___(current) undergoing clinical trials at Harvard Medical School, and at 12 hospitals in South Korea. Early results are said to be___50___(promise), and if all goes well, Ybrain hopes to market the device to health providers by 2019.
3. 【江西省百所名校2018屆高三第一次聯(lián)合考試】閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
A few days ago I attended a gathering,___41___ a girl shared that she had recently “l(fā)ost” her wallet (it was most likely stolen). I remembered that ___42___ (feel) because I had lost my wallet many times throughout my younger years. And twice it ___43___ (return) to me.
I decided to label one of my small ___44___ (purse), which I actually had with me that day, with her name, along with some cash inside and an ___45___ (encourage) note The trick was to try to get it to her ___46___ (secret), because I don t know her and may not see her again. I quickly went to another area ___47___ (write) the note. And then I wrote her name on a piece of paper and left it by the main door with the purse where she would see it ___48___ her way out. I was really nervous and wondered ___49___ she would actually find it. I kept checking to see if she picked it up.
By the end of the evening, another guest ___50___ (mention) that she had the biggest smile on her face after finding it. The best part was that she had no idea who it was and just felt grateful to everyone in that room.
4. 【山東省菏澤市七縣一中（鄆城一中、曹縣一中等）2018屆高三上學期期中】閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
The history of air conditioners(空調(diào)) started in the early days with the need to preserve food. The food___41___is kept at room temperature spoils easily due to the growth of bacteria. At temperature below 4℃, the growth of bacteria reduces___42___(rapid). As a result of the development in food refrigeration, other following applications include air conditioning and manufacturing processes.
The___43___(discover) of the principles of the absorption type of refrigeration in 1824 showed that liquefied ammonia(液氮) could cool air. At first, the commercially available use of air conditioning applications was based on the need to cool air for industrial processes rather than___44___(person) comfort. The first electrical air conditioning___45___(invent) by Willis Haviland Carrier in 1902. He was also known___46___the Father of Modern Air Conditioning.___47___(he) invention was designed to improve the manufacturing process of a printing factory. By___48___(control) the temperature, the process was made more efficient.
The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America was set up by him___49___(meet) the demand of better productivity in the workplace. Today, Carrier Corporation is___50___biggest air conditioner manufacturer and marketing corporation in the world in central air conditioning.
5. 【河南省許昌平頂山（即許昌市一模）2018屆高三聯(lián)考】閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
Don’t try and be happy—it will only make you sad. Desperately ___41___ (try) to keep a smile on your face will only make your depression ___42___(bad), a new study suggests. Feeling content has become the only goal for many ___43___ recent years, but accepting your ___44___ (sad) may be more beneficial. Dr. Brock Bastian in ___45___ University of Melbourne said “Depression rates ___46___ (be) higher in countries that seek for happiness now.” Rather than being the by product of a happy life, feeling happy has become a goal in ___47___ (it). This strengthens the message that we should aim ___48___ (increase) our p
ositive emotions and avoid our negative ones. Society needs to change its attitude on depression if the disorder is to be solved effectively.
He added that people have become so used to not showing signs of weakness ___49___ (intention) due to social media being used to celebrate achievements. For the study ___50___ (publish) in the journal Depressing and Anxiety, the researchers assessed depressed patients.
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