One today is worth two tomorrows.一個(gè)今天勝似兩個(gè)明天。
When an opportunity is neglected, it never comes back to you.機(jī)不可失，時(shí)不再來(lái)。
Strike while the iron is hot.趁熱打鐵。
Wisdom is more to be envied than riches.知識(shí)可羨，勝于財(cái)富。
It is good to learn at another man's cost.前車可鑒。
考試馬上就要開(kāi)始了，最后一個(gè)月請(qǐng)同學(xué)們務(wù)必把時(shí)間用在刀刃上，做到事半功倍，應(yīng)該把大部分時(shí)間放在得分最高的兩大塊上，即聽(tīng)力和閱讀上。
對(duì)于閱讀部分的復(fù)習(xí)，如何在這很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)達(dá)到最佳效果呢？最近也有同學(xué)經(jīng)常問(wèn)今年四級(jí)閱讀會(huì)不會(huì)比去年難，會(huì)不會(huì)快速閱讀不考Y，N，NG，其實(shí)試題的難易，或題目形式的變換不只是對(duì)某
人而言的，所以試題的難度并不影響我們最終能否通過(guò)考試的結(jié)果。在這剩下的一個(gè)月左右的時(shí)間里，我認(rèn)為大家應(yīng)該在以下幾個(gè)方面做好準(zhǔn)備：
心理因素：考試快到了，而且和期末考試碰在一起，會(huì)感覺(jué)有好多單詞還沒(méi)有背，好多真題還沒(méi)有做，聽(tīng)力又不好，閱讀錯(cuò)誤率太高，所以極易一下亂了陣腳，有緊迫感，越到后面壓力越大，其實(shí)
大可不必，因?yàn)閺V大考生只是要求通過(guò)或考個(gè)中上的考分，并不要求自己考滿分。所以在最后一個(gè)月左右的時(shí)間把該背的單詞爭(zhēng)取背到七八層熟，把好的真題
考場(chǎng)時(shí)間：四級(jí)閱讀有快速和選詞填空，以及兩篇傳統(tǒng)閱讀。平時(shí)做題時(shí)可以不限時(shí)間，仔細(xì)閱讀分析每篇文章每道題目的解題思路，各選項(xiàng)的正誤原因以及文章具體結(jié)構(gòu)，但是快到考試的前兩個(gè)
禮拜，最好把時(shí)間固定在考試要求的時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)把題目做完，讓自己適應(yīng)考場(chǎng)速度要求。但是，實(shí)際上廣大考生都會(huì)覺(jué)得閱讀時(shí)間是最緊張的，表面上15分鐘快速閱讀和25分鐘精讀，但是時(shí)間最后都不
夠用，所以最好在考場(chǎng)上把握整體政策，對(duì)于沒(méi)有把握的其它部分要采取“丟卒保車”的精神，把時(shí)間挪到閱讀部分來(lái)，因?yàn)殚喿x的分值太高，不容忽視。
詞匯部分：就算到了最后一個(gè)禮拜，大家也不要破罐子破甩，要把大綱中的單詞好好背，把曾經(jīng)記過(guò)的單詞短語(yǔ)認(rèn)真看，閱讀成敗在單詞，考前記單詞也能臨時(shí)抱佛腳的。這里再?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)一下“相似易
混單詞”的重要性，不要看錯(cuò)了自己背過(guò)的單詞，這樣是很冤枉的，而且“相似易混單詞”一定要把寫(xiě)法背清楚背牢固，這就是廣大考生感覺(jué)很多單詞好像認(rèn)識(shí)又不認(rèn)識(shí)的根本原因。高中基礎(chǔ)不差的同
學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)其實(shí)四級(jí)單詞多不了多少單詞，好好多背1000左右的單詞用不了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
傳統(tǒng)閱讀：仔細(xì)閱讀是我們最熟悉的題型， 這些文章只要能把握好正確的解體思路，找好題干或選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞，抓住題目問(wèn)題邏輯，就能定位到文章出處和正確答案。
猜詞題強(qiáng)調(diào)的是上下文原則，
細(xì)節(jié)題強(qiáng)調(diào)的是關(guān)鍵詞定位，
推理題強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“一切從原文事實(shí)出發(fā)”，勿合理推理，推理過(guò)度。
主題題強(qiáng)調(diào)的是抓住文章首段或其它段落的段首尾句。
標(biāo)題題強(qiáng)調(diào)的是不要擴(kuò)大或縮小主題范圍。
態(tài)度題強(qiáng)調(diào)的是分清褒貶，貶義詞是錯(cuò)誤的。
例子題強(qiáng)調(diào)的是要支持文章主題。
當(dāng)然通過(guò)課堂中說(shuō)的一些蒙答案的方法，也可以在自己不確定的情況下提高自己做題準(zhǔn)確度。
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)
all but –
1." all but十形容詞（或用在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前）"= very nearly；almost幾乎，差不多；
2."all but+名詞"= all except "除……外都"：Crows all but destroyed a farmer's field of corn.群鴉幾乎吃光了一位農(nóng)夫的玉米地。
all but John were present．除約翰外，其他人都到了。（注：all but作"幾乎"解時(shí)可修飾作表語(yǔ)的形容詞或過(guò)去分詞；也可作狀語(yǔ)修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。）
for all
for all--- in spite of "盡管"：For all his money，he was very unhappy．盡管他有不少錢，但他并不很幸福。
Alternative
alternative n．----"選擇，替代辦法"，注意下面成語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣用法："have no alternative but to do""沒(méi)有別的選擇，只好"：There's no alternative but to fight．"除了戰(zhàn)斗以外，沒(méi)有別的
選擇"。 I had no alternative but to walk out．我沒(méi)有別的辦法，只有走出去。
anything but
anything but - not at all；far from"根本不，一點(diǎn)不"，作表語(yǔ)，but后面可以跟名詞、形容詞或過(guò)去分詞：He's anything but lazy/a hero. 他一點(diǎn)不懶/根本不是個(gè)英雄。
Alone as he is,he felt anything but lonely.譯文：雖然只有他一個(gè)人，但是他一點(diǎn)也不感到寂寞。）
as（四級(jí)考試頻度很大的幾個(gè)用法）
1.引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句（通?？梢杂胻hough替換），使用下面句型：1）"形容詞／副詞十a(chǎn)s＋主語(yǔ)十謂語(yǔ)：Much as like her，I will not marry her．雖然我很喜歡她，但我并不想與她結(jié)婚。
2）"原形動(dòng)詞十a(chǎn)s十主語(yǔ)十may／might／will／would"：Try as he would，he could not lift the rock．不管他用多大勁也舉不起那塊石頭。There was not a soul to be found in the house，
search as they would．不管他們?cè)趺磳ふ?，房子里也找不到一個(gè)人。
2.作關(guān)系代詞，使用下面句型：1）"such…as"（as在此接近于who/that/which）：Such women as Tom knew thought he was charming.湯姆認(rèn)識(shí)的那些婦女都認(rèn)為他長(zhǎng)得很迷人。I never heard
such stories as he tells.我從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)他講的那些故事。He never hesitates to make such criticisms as are considered helpful to others．只要對(duì)別人有幫助，他從不猶豫提出這類批評(píng)。
It wasn't such a good dinner she had promised us． a．that b．which c．a(chǎn)s d．what（答案c．譯文：它并不是像她承諾我們的那樣一頓美餐。）2）用在"the same…as"句型中：He doesn't
believe the same things as you do．他不相信你相信的那些東西。（注：as的這一用法在OALD詞典中被當(dāng)作連詞，但在張道真教授編的《現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)用法詞典》（重排本）P70中被當(dāng)作關(guān)系代詞，似乎
后者更合理、更好理解些。）
3．用在"as＋be動(dòng)詞十表語(yǔ)"從句中，表不"正如"：He is absent，as is often the case．他正如通常那樣又缺席了。Freddie，as might be expected，was attending the conference．正如可
能預(yù)料的那樣，弗雷迪當(dāng)時(shí)正在出席會(huì)議。As was expected，he performed the task with success．正如預(yù)料的那樣，他成功地完成了任務(wù)。 ______ is known to the world，Mark Twain is a
great American writer. a．That b．Which c．As d．It（答案 c．譯文：正如世人所知，馬克?吐溫是一位偉大的美國(guó)作家。 _____ is generally accepted，economical growth is determined by
the smooth development of production．a(chǎn)．What b．That c．It d．As（答案d．考研'95．譯文：正如所公認(rèn)的那樣，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)是由生產(chǎn)的平 穩(wěn)發(fā)展所決定的。）（注：as在這一句型中是連詞還是
關(guān)系代詞也存在著爭(zhēng)議，它在結(jié)構(gòu)上更接近關(guān)系代詞，但as與that／which不同，that／which引導(dǎo)的關(guān)系從句只能放在先行詞后面，而as引導(dǎo)的從句不但可以放在主句的后面，還可以放在主句的前面。
）
4．a(chǎn)s用于省略句，為避免重復(fù)，as代替表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)部分：David is tall，as are my brothers．像我的幾個(gè)弟兄們一樣，戴維也是個(gè)高個(gè)兒。（as are my brothers用的是倒裝語(yǔ)序，正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)
是 as my brothers are。）The Second World War，as did the earlier one of 1914，prompted public concern about a physical and Intellectual well－being of the country's human
resources．第二次世界大戰(zhàn)，正如早些時(shí)候1914年的那次一樣，立即引起了公眾對(duì)這個(gè)國(guó)家人力資源的身心健康的關(guān)注。
5．a(chǎn)s用于省略句，引起分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)：As expected，the afforestation movement rapidly spread．正如預(yù)料的那樣，植樹(shù)造林運(yùn)動(dòng)迅速擴(kuò)展開(kāi)來(lái)。It usually happens as described above
．它的發(fā)生通常如上面所描寫(xiě)的那樣。He had failed to visit her as promised．他沒(méi)有像他允諾的那樣去看望她。His first novel"Night" was an account of the Nazi crimes ____ through
the eyes of a teenaged boy．a(chǎn)．a(chǎn)s seen b．which saw c．but was seen d．a(chǎn)nd were seen（答案a．選自六級(jí)樣題．譯文：他的第一部小說(shuō)《夜》通過(guò)一個(gè)十幾歲的男孩的眼睛描述了納粹的罪行
。）
6．用于as much…as；not so much… as"或"not so／as十形容詞十a(chǎn)s"句式中：He said the situation there was not so bad as had been painted．他說(shuō)，那里的局勢(shì)并不像所描繪的那樣糟
。The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach the art of learning．學(xué)校教育的偉大作用與其說(shuō)是教給你東西，還不如說(shuō)是教給你如何學(xué)習(xí)的技能。
He is not so much a writer as a reporter．與其說(shuō)他是位作家，還不如說(shuō)他是個(gè)記者。They were expected to be models of virtue，honoured as much for their character as for their
learning．人們期望他們成為美德的典范，不但因?yàn)樗麄兊膶W(xué)識(shí)，而且因?yàn)樗麄兊钠返露艿骄粗亍?br> 7．用于 as if/as though引導(dǎo)的省略句中：He paused as if expecting Lenny to speak．（as if后面跟現(xiàn)在分詞）他停了一下，好象是在等待拉尼講話一樣。The boy turned， as if
awakened from some dream。（后面跟過(guò)去分詞）那男孩翻了翻身，好像從夢(mèng)中醒來(lái)一樣。He opened his mouth as if to speak something．（后面跟不定式）他張張口，好像要說(shuō)些什么。He
glanced as if in search of something．（后面跟介詞短語(yǔ)）他瞟了一眼，好像在尋找什么東西一樣。
8．用在"just as…，so…"結(jié)構(gòu)中：Just as the soil is a part of the earth，＿_(dá) the atmosphere． a．a(chǎn)s it is b．the same is c．so is d．a(chǎn)nd so is（答案 c．．譯文：正如土壤是地
球的一部分一樣，大氣層也是地球的一部分。）（so is the atmosphere是倒裝句。在"just as…，so…"句式中，so引導(dǎo)的主句常用倒裝語(yǔ)序，尤其在主語(yǔ)特別長(zhǎng)時(shí)更是如此，so代替被省略了的表語(yǔ)
部分。）Just as the builder is skilled in the handling of his bricks， ______ the experienced writer is skilled in the handling of his words．a(chǎn)．so b．a(chǎn)s c．thus d．like（答案
a．．譯文：正如建筑工人砌磚郁閑熟的技藝一樣，有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的作家在用詞做文章上也有高超的技藝。）
Before
before一特別要注意before在下面幾個(gè)例句中的用法，在這些例句中，before相當(dāng)于and then，漢語(yǔ)常譯為"然后；才"：I must finish my work before go home．我必須先把工作做完再回家。He had
to be called two or three times before he would come to his dinner．往往要叫他兩三遍，他才肯過(guò)來(lái)吃飯。The farmer decided to drive the cows away before they made more damage to
the crops．那個(gè)農(nóng)夫決定把那些牛趕走，以免對(duì)莊稼造成更大的損害。It was several years before we met again．又過(guò)了好幾年我們才又見(jiàn)了面。A man escaped from the prison last night．
It was a long time the guards discovered what had happened． a．before b．until c．since d．when（答案 a．．譯文：昨晚一個(gè)犯人從監(jiān)獄逃跑了，過(guò)了好久警衛(wèi)才發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)生了什么事。）
Scientists say it may be five or ten years _____ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. A. since b. before c. after d. when (答案 b．譯文：科學(xué)家們說(shuō)，可能還需
要 5到 10年才能將這種藥在病人身上作實(shí)驗(yàn)。（注：before的這一用法經(jīng)?？荚嚕?br>
busy
busy -busy作表語(yǔ)時(shí)僅面可跟如下結(jié)構(gòu)：busy with／at／over/-ing"忙于……"：Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy for her examination． a．
to prepare b．to be prepared c．preparing d．being prepared（答案 c． 譯文：瓊昨天晚上沒(méi)有時(shí)間去聽(tīng)音樂(lè)會(huì)，因?yàn)樗诿τ跍?zhǔn)備考試。）We were busy （get）things ready for the trial
production when he phoned us．（考研'80．答案：將get變?yōu)間etting．譯文：我們正為試生產(chǎn)而忙著做準(zhǔn)備時(shí)，他打來(lái)了電話．）
but for
but for ----用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，表示"若非"，相當(dāng)于if not，后面跟名詞；還可用 but that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)從句，陳述具體事實(shí)：_____ bed its destination on time. a．In case of b．In spite of c
．Because of d．But for（答案 d．CET－6'90／1．譯文：若不是由于洪水，輪船就可以按時(shí)抵達(dá)目的地了）。He might have been killed __＿_(dá) the arrival of the police．a(chǎn)．except for b．
but for c．with d．for（答案 b．．譯文： 若不是警察趕到，他可能就被殺害了。） ______ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday. a. In spite of b. But
for c. Because of d. As for（答案 b．．譯文：要不是有英語(yǔ)考試，我上個(gè)星期天就去聽(tīng)音樂(lè)會(huì)了。）
but that
but that ---- 用在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，but that從句謂語(yǔ)用陳述語(yǔ)氣，陳述具體事實(shí)，表示"倘沒(méi)有，若不是"： He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.他本來(lái)會(huì)幫助
我們的， 但當(dāng)時(shí)他沒(méi)有錢。 but that 還用在"（It is） not that…but that…"句式中,表示"不是因?yàn)?#8230;而是因?yàn)?#8230;"：Not that John doesn't want to help you, but that it's beyond his
power.不是約翰不想幫助你，而是因?yàn)樗麩o(wú)能為力。
can／could
can／could ---- 1．"can't…too""怎么也不為過(guò)'：You can't be _____ careful in making the decision as it is such a critical case．a(chǎn)．quite b．very c．too d．so（答案 c．譯文：
做這一決定時(shí)再細(xì)心也不為過(guò)，因?yàn)檫@是一件至關(guān)重要的事情。）
2．"can't/couldn't+比較級(jí)"表示"不可能再"，實(shí)際上等于"……最"：The earthquake could not have come at a worse time for the war－torn country．對(duì)于那個(gè)飽受戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之苦的國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)，
地震發(fā)生的時(shí)間再糟糕不過(guò)了。
3．"can't/couldn't+完成式"用于推斷過(guò)去"不可能發(fā)生了某事"：Mary、my letter， otherwise she would have replied before now．a(chǎn)．has received b. ought to have received c.
couldn't have received d. shouldn't have received（答案 C．考研'91．譯文：瑪麗不可能收到了我的信，不然她一定會(huì)回信的。）Comrade Li _____ be in Beijing because saw him in town
only a few minutes ago．a(chǎn)．mustn't b．can't c．may not d．isn't able to（答案b．：李同志不可能在北京，因?yàn)閮H在幾分鐘前我還在城里見(jiàn)到了他。）
cannot help-ing
cannot help-ing ----"禁不住，忍不住；避免不了"：I couldn't help overhearing what he said.我禁不住偷聽(tīng)了他說(shuō)的話。We couldn't help their seeing us．我們避免不了他們看見(jiàn)我們。
cannot help but do
cannot help but do -----"不由得，不能不"（與 cannot help-ing基本同義）：You can't help but respect them．你不由的要尊敬他們。（注：在這個(gè)句式中，還可以把help省略掉，意思不變
，如上面的句子也可改變?yōu)椋篩ou cannot but respect them．）
cannot choose but do
cannot choose but do ----注意ht后面習(xí)慣上跟不帶 to的不定式，表示"沒(méi)有別的辦法，只好"； He cannot choose but obey．他沒(méi)有別的辦法，只好服從。
choice
choice ----注意choice在下面句型中的用法：1．"have no choice but to do"或"There's no choice for sb but to do""沒(méi)有別的辦法，只好"（注意 but后面的不定式必須帶 to）：We had no
choice but to do what we were asked．我們不得不做要求我們做的工作。2．"have no other choice than to do""沒(méi)有別的選擇，只好"：The beaten enemy had no other choice than．a(chǎn)．
surrender b．surrendering c．to surrender d．to be surrendered（答案c．譯文：被打敗的敵人沒(méi)有別的選擇只好投降。）
do more than do
do more than do ----注意 than后面習(xí)慣上跟不帶to的不定式，表示"不僅僅，不單單，不只是"：In the course of a day students do far more than Just classes．a(chǎn)．a(chǎn)ttend b． attended
c.to attend d．a(chǎn)ttending（答案 a．CET－4'93／6．譯文：在一天之內(nèi)，學(xué)生不只是上課（還要做許多別的事情）。Colleges and universities across the nation have decided to do more than
talk about the use in student cheating．除了談?wù)搶W(xué)生作弊的上升以外，全國(guó)各地的大學(xué)已決定采取一切措施。（摘自《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)》第二冊(cè)第8課 Honesty：Is It Going Out of Style？）
do nothing but（do）
do nothing but（do） ----"僅僅（做），只（做），除……外什么都不（做）"：Lots of empty bottles were found under the old man's bed．He must have done nothing but _____ （drink
）．（答案：but后用原形動(dòng)詞 drink。考研'89）（注意下面的句式）So there was nothing for them to do ______ their places at the end of It．a(chǎn)．except take b．but take c．besides
take d． but to take（答案 d．譯文：他們只好在盡頭自己的座位上坐下。）（注意這里的 but后面用不定式to take與前面的for them to do是并列的，處在相同的位置上，作nothing的定語(yǔ)：
nothing to do but to take...)
do nothing else than (do)
do nothing else than (do) ---- 注意：do nothing后面用了else后就要用than而不再用but, 但than后面同樣用不帶to的不定式：He sat there, doing nothing else ______. a. but to laugh
b. than laughing c. than laugh d. but laughed （答案c. 譯文：他坐在那里一個(gè)勁地笑。）但注意下面這個(gè)句子：He had nothing else to do except to return/than to return to his hot
room..他沒(méi)有別的辦法，只好回到自己酷熱的房間。（這個(gè)句子中的不定式 to do和to return做 nothing else的定語(yǔ)．）
either…or
either…or ----"或是……或是……；不是……就是…"。由選擇連詞either…or引導(dǎo)的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要與or后面的名詞保持一致。either…or還可以引導(dǎo)并列名詞或介詞短語(yǔ)
作賓語(yǔ)，引導(dǎo)并列謂語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，引導(dǎo)并列狀語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)，引導(dǎo)并列分句。該結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵是由它們引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)部分必須并列處于同一層次上：Either Tim or his brothers have to shovel the snow．要么
蒂姆，要么他的兄弟們，必須鏟雪。The local hunters either shoot or trap them．當(dāng)?shù)氐墨C人或者槍殺它們，或者設(shè)陷捕捉它們。Either you must improve your work or shall dismiss you．
要么改進(jìn)你的工作，否則我就解雇你。I was advised _____ for reservations． a．to either telephone or to write the hotel． b. either to telephone or to write the hotel c. that I
should telephone or to write the hotel d. I ought either to telephone or write the hotel（答案 b．譯文：他們建議我要么給旅館打電話，要么給旅館寫(xiě)封信預(yù)訂房間。）
find
find ----- find后面可以跟帶現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞、形容詞或不定式 to be的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)；如果是不定式本身作賓語(yǔ)，要把不定式后移，用形式賓語(yǔ) it填補(bǔ)其位置：He was found dying／dead
／injured．人們發(fā)現(xiàn)他快死了／已經(jīng)死了／受了傷。We found（him to be／that he was）the right man for the job．我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他是做這項(xiàng)工作的合適人選。I found to answer all the
questions within the time given． a. no possibility b．there was impossibility c. impossible d. it impossible（答案d．譯文：我發(fā)現(xiàn)在限定的時(shí)間內(nèi)回答所有那些問(wèn)題是不可能的。）
for
for ---- 1．"for all""盡管"：all our kindness to help her，Sara refused to listen to us． a. At b. For c. In d. On（答案b．考研'92．譯文：盡管我們好心要幫助她，但薩拉不肯聽(tīng)我
們的。）There may be mistakes occasionally，but for all that，it is the best book on the subject．書(shū)中也許偶而有些錯(cuò)誤，但盡管如此它仍不失為論述這個(gè)問(wèn)題的最好的書(shū)。
2．"but for"／"if it weren't for""若不是，若沒(méi)有"（用在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中）：But for your help we should not have finished in time．若沒(méi)有你的幫助，我們就不能按時(shí)完成。Had it not
been for your laziness，you could have finished the assignment by now．要不是你懶，你現(xiàn)在可能會(huì)完成任務(wù)了。（注：在這個(gè)句式中，按正常語(yǔ)序謂語(yǔ)可以用縮合形式計(jì) it weren't for或
if it hadn't been for，但若使用倒裝語(yǔ)序時(shí)，不能將縮合的 weren't／hadn't放在句首，如不能說(shuō) Weren't it for／Hadn't it been for，而必須說(shuō) Were it not for／had it not been for．）
3．for作連詞，表示"因?yàn)?，由?，多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)中，引導(dǎo)的從句不能放在主句前面，它引導(dǎo)的原因只是對(duì)主句所說(shuō)的情況作出解釋：Someone must have left the tap on，the water is
running over and flooding the bathroom．a(chǎn)．therefore b．for c．nevertheless d． moreover（答案b．．譯文：一定是誰(shuí)忘記了關(guān)水龍頭，瞧，水溢了出來(lái)，洗澡間到處是水。）
4．for用在帶邏輯主語(yǔ)的不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)中一for there to be／for it to be：It would be surprising for any objections to the proposal. a．not to be b．it not to be c．there to be
not d．there not to be（答案 d．譯文：對(duì)這項(xiàng)建議若沒(méi)有任何反對(duì), 那反倒是奇怪的。）For there ______ successful communication，here must be attentiveness and involvement in the
discussion itself by all present．a(chǎn)．is b．to be c．will be d. being（答案 b．考研'96．譯文：為了進(jìn)行成功的思想交流，所有出席的人都必須聚精會(huì)神地參加討論。）（注：在there be句
型中，雖然真正的主語(yǔ)是后面的名詞，但在語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)上習(xí)慣上把there看作結(jié)構(gòu)主語(yǔ)，所以用介詞 for引導(dǎo)帶邏輯主語(yǔ)的不定式時(shí)要把there看作邏輯主語(yǔ)，因此把there is變?yōu)閹н壿嬛髡Z(yǔ)的不定式時(shí)應(yīng)
說(shuō) for there to be，這和把 I do sth變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ綍r(shí)應(yīng)說(shuō) for me to do sth的道理是一樣的。在這個(gè)句式中還要注意如何把 It is time變?yōu)橛?for引導(dǎo)的不定式。如果要說(shuō)"現(xiàn)在該吃藥了"，用英語(yǔ)
應(yīng)說(shuō) It is time to take medicine。但如果要說(shuō)"他在等到該吃藥的時(shí)間再吃藥"，就應(yīng)說(shuō) He is waiting for it to be time to take medicine。）
given（that）
given（that）一"在有……的情況下；如果有……；假定……；考慮到……"：Given good health，I hope to finish the work this year．如果健康狀況良好，我希望今年完成這項(xiàng)工作。I'd
come and see you in Austria，given the chance．如果有機(jī)會(huì)，我就到奧地利來(lái)看你。Given their inexperience／that they are inexperienced，they've done a good job．考慮到他們?nèi)狈?jīng)
驗(yàn)，他們的工作還是做得不錯(cuò)的。
good/point/sense/use
good/point/sense/use ----注意這幾個(gè)名詞在下面句型中的用法："It is no good -ing"表示"……沒(méi)有用處"：It's no good my arguing with you．和你爭(zhēng)論沒(méi)有用。There is no good in -ing
； What's the good of-ing？
have
have十復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) ---- have sb do sth；have sb／sth－lug；have sth done（have的這種用法考試頻度也很大）：They'11 have you if you don't pay your taxes．a(chǎn)．to be arrested b．
arrest c．a(chǎn)rrested d．being arrested（答案 c．．譯文：如果你不納稅，他們將要逮捕你。）I didn't understand what the teacher said，and had him explain it again to me．我不懂老師
說(shuō)的意思，我又讓他給我解釋了一遍。
in that…
in that… ----此為復(fù)合連詞，相當(dāng)于 because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，考試頻度極大，在四六級(jí)和考研試題中幾乎每年都有一題，如 1995年三個(gè)試題中均考了該題：Liquids are like solids _____
they have a definite volume．a(chǎn)．with that b．for that c．in that d．a(chǎn)t that（答案c。 ．譯文：液體與固體一樣，它們也有確定的體積。）Britain's press is unusual _____ it is
divided into two very different types of newspaper：the quality press and the popular press． a．in how b．in what c．in which d．in that（答案 d．．譯文：英國(guó)報(bào)紙很不尋常，因
為它分為截然不同的兩大類：嚴(yán)肅報(bào)紙和通俗報(bào)紙。）Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ______ it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are
produced.a．so that b．but that c．in that d．provided that（答案c．．譯文：氫是宇宙間最基本的元素，因?yàn)樗峁┥善渌氐慕ㄖK。）
the instant/the moment
the instant/the moment+從句 ---相當(dāng)于as soon as "一……（就）"：She must have dashed out the instant I grabbed the phone.她必定是在我一把抓起電話時(shí)就奔了出去。You must behave
like a guest the instant you set foot on a foreign soil．你一踏上外國(guó)國(guó)土就得像個(gè)客人的樣子。
just as…，so…
just as…，so… ----"正如……一樣，……也……"：Just as you hate Mr Green, so I dislike his wife.就像你憎恨格林先生一樣．我也不喜歡他的妻子。Just as the builder is skilled in
the handling of his bricks, ______ the experienced writer is skilled in the handing of his words. a. so b. as c. thus d. like（答案 a．．譯文：正如建筑工人砌磚技術(shù)擁熟一樣，有
經(jīng)驗(yàn)的作家在用詞作文章上也有高超的技藝。）Just as the soil is part of the earth， the atmosphere．a(chǎn)．a(chǎn)s it is b．the same is c．so is d．a(chǎn)nd so is（答案 c．．譯文：正如土壤是地
球的一部分一樣，大氣層也是地球的一部分。）
know better than（to do）
know better than（to do） ----be wise or experienced enough not to do sth很懂得……不會(huì)……／不該（做某事）（根據(jù)張道真教授的（現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)用法詞典）的解釋，than后面的不定式多帶
to，但有時(shí)可以省略）：You ought to know better than to stay away from school.你應(yīng)懂得不該逃學(xué)．He knew better than to mention the subject to her．他很明智而沒(méi)有向她提起這件事。
Tom _____ better than to ask Dick for help．a(chǎn)．shall know b．shouldn't know c．has known d．should have known（答案 d．．譯文：湯姆應(yīng)懂得不該向迪克請(qǐng)求幫助。）
less
less ----用在下面成語(yǔ)中：even／much／still less"更不用說(shuō)，更別提"（用在否定的陳述句之后）：The baby can't even walk，much less run．那嬰兒連走路都不會(huì)，更別說(shuō)跑了。I can't run
a hundred yards，even less a mile．我連一百碼都跑不了，更別說(shuō)跑一英里了。He knows little of mathematics，and of chemistry． a．even more b．still less c．no less d．still more
（答案b．．譯文：他對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)幾乎一竊不通，更別提化學(xué)了。）
30、lest ----"唯恐，免得"（從句謂語(yǔ)多用 should，有時(shí)可用動(dòng)詞原形）：They spoke in whispers lest they should be heard．他們低聲交談，生怕別人聽(tīng)見(jiàn)了。The driver looked over the
engine carefully lest it should go wrong on the way．司機(jī)認(rèn)真地檢查了一遍發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，免得半路上出毛病。
let alone
let alone ----"更別提"（多用于否定句之后，與 even／much／still less的用法基本相同）：I had never seen him, let alone spoken to him.我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)他，更談不上同他談話了。The baby
can't even walk, let alone run.那嬰兒連走路都不會(huì)，更談不上跑了。（注：let alone后面可以跟名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式或分詞，這取決于它所要強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分與前一句中所要對(duì)比的那一部分的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)
，它們必須處于同一語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)層次。）
most
most----most可以直接修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，名詞前不用冠詞修飾，表示泛指，如 most students"大多數(shù)學(xué)生"；如果要特指某些學(xué)生中的大多數(shù)，就要用most of結(jié)構(gòu)，并且名詞前面一般要用定冠詞修
飾，如most of the students in my class；注意這樣用時(shí)，most前面沒(méi)有冠詞，不說(shuō) the most of the students。另外，most不能直接與代詞或由物主代詞修飾的名詞連用，不能說(shuō)most they／most
their students或 their most students；而必須用，most of結(jié)構(gòu)，像 most of them，most of her arguments。
some/any
some/any ----與 most的用法類似，可以說(shuō) some advice／students；some of the students；some of them；some of his arguments；但不說(shuō) some they，some his arguments或some the students
。any也適用于這種情況。
all／each
all／each----與 most／some／any的用法有些區(qū)別：all可以直接修飾帶或不帶定冠詞的可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞以及由物主代詞修飾的名詞，如 all（the） work； all（the）students； all my heart
；但不能直接放在代詞前面，如不能說(shuō) all they，all it；但可以用 all of結(jié)構(gòu)限定代詞，如 all ofthem; all雖不能放在代詞前面修飾代詞，但可以放在代詞后面作代詞的同位語(yǔ)，如We all did
it; He helped us all;（但謂語(yǔ)是 be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，all要放在 be后面，如 We are all pleased。）each可以直接修飾不帶冠詞的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，如 each student；但不能直接修飾代詞、由物主代詞或定
冠詞修飾的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，如不能說(shuō) each they，each his book，each the student；而必須用 each of結(jié)構(gòu)，如 each of them，each of his books，each of the students；但 each可以放在復(fù)數(shù)
名詞或代詞后面，如 The students/They each took a share。
much
much ----much多用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中，如 There is not much food in the house。Do you have much difficulty in finding the house？在肯定句中多用plenty of，a lot of，a large
quantity of，a good deal of；但當(dāng) much作主語(yǔ)的一部分或與how／too／so／as連用時(shí)常用在肯定句中，如 Much of what you say is true；You have given me too much。注意下面幾個(gè)與much相
搭配的習(xí)慣說(shuō)法。
1.not much of a… 一 not a very good…"不是一個(gè)很好的……"：It wasn't much of a dinner．
2．"too much of a…（to do sth）"一"太……（而不……）'：He is _____ coward to speak the truth．a(chǎn)．too much of a b．too much a c．o much a d．so much of a（答案 a．．譯文：
他是個(gè)十足的膽小鬼，不敢講真話。）
3．"much as十從句"一 although"雖然，盡管"；Much as hate to do it，I must stay home and study tonight．盡管我不喜歡，但是今天晚上我必須呆在家里學(xué)習(xí)。
4．"as much as"一"同樣（程度）地"：The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as ______ its soils and the water of its lakes，rivers and oceans．a(chǎn)．a(chǎn)re b．is c．do d．
has（答案a．1．譯文：正如土壤和湖、河和海洋里的水是地球的一部分一樣，大氣層同樣也是地球的一部分。）Give me as much again．再給我那么多。
5．not so much as／without so much as一"連……都沒(méi)有'：He didn't so much as thank me for returning his money found．我把撿到的錢還給他，他連說(shuō)聲謝謝都沒(méi)有。He left without
so much as saying goodbye.他連說(shuō)聲再見(jiàn)都沒(méi)有就走開(kāi)了。
6．"not so much A as B"一"與其說(shuō) A，不如說(shuō)B"：Oceans don't so much divide the world as unite it．與其說(shuō)各大洋把地球分割開(kāi)來(lái)，還不如說(shuō)是把地球聯(lián)成一個(gè)整體。
7．"much less"一（用在否定句后）"更不用說(shuō)"：I didn't even speak to him, much less discuss your problems with him.我連話都不跟他說(shuō)，再不用說(shuō)跟他一起討論你的問(wèn)題了。
must have done sth
must have done sth ----用于以肯定的語(yǔ)氣推斷過(guò)去必定發(fā)生了某事（?？季湫停篗y pain____ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked
sympathetically:"Are you feeling all right?" a．must be b．had been c．must have been d．had to be（答案 c．．譯文：我的疼痛一定很明顯，因?yàn)槲矣龅降牡谝粋€(gè)人就同情地問(wèn)我："你不
要緊吧？"）
some/any
some/any ----與 most的用法類似，可以說(shuō) some advice／students；some of the students；some of them；some of his arguments；但不說(shuō) some they，some his arguments或some the
students。any也適用于這種情況。
all／each
all／each----與 most／some／any的用法有些區(qū)別：all可以直接修飾帶或不帶定冠詞的可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞以及由物主代詞修飾的名詞，如 all（the） work； all（the）students； all my heart；
但不能直接放在代詞前面，如不能說(shuō) all they，all it；但可以用 all of結(jié)構(gòu)限定代詞，如 all ofthem; all雖不能放在代詞前面修飾代詞，但可以放在代詞后面作代詞的同位語(yǔ)，如We all did it;
He helped us all;（但謂語(yǔ)是 be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，all要放在 be后面，如 We are all pleased。）each可以直接修飾不帶冠詞的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，如 each student；但不能直接修飾代詞、由物主代詞或定冠詞
修飾的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，如不能說(shuō) each they，each his book，each the student；而必須用 each of結(jié)構(gòu)，如 each of them，each of his books，each of the students；但 each可以放在復(fù)數(shù)名詞
或代詞后面，如 The students/They each took a share。
no more than
no more than ----1.用于"no more than+錢數(shù)/名詞"，"僅僅，只，只不過(guò)"，表示說(shuō)話者認(rèn)為太少，不滿意：He gave me no more than＄10．他只給我 10美元。He is no more than a puppet．
他只不過(guò)是個(gè)傀儡。
2."no more…than"；。"not any more than""A像B一樣不……；A和B一樣都不…"：He is no more a god than we are．（或）He is not a god any more than we are．他和我們一樣都不是神
。（注：這種表現(xiàn)法是為加強(qiáng)than前面的否定而用的，than后面的文句表面上看是肯定句，起含義實(shí)屬否定。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，than后面的文句所陳述的事實(shí)是顯而易見(jiàn)的或是常識(shí)，以此來(lái)襯托說(shuō)明前面亦染
。）再如：He can not effect the impossible any more than we can．不可能的事情我們做不到，他和我們一樣也做不到。The heart is intelligent than the stomach，for they are both
controlled by the brain．a(chǎn)．not so b．not much c．much more d．no more（答案 d．考研'94．譯文：心臟和胃一樣都沒(méi)有智力，它們都是由大腦控制的。）與 no more… than意思相反的結(jié)構(gòu)是
no less…than"不亞于，與……同樣好"：Sunlight is ______ necessary than fresh air to a healthy condition of body．a(chǎn)．less b．no less much d．no more（答案 b．譯文：陽(yáng)光與新鮮空
氣一樣對(duì)維持身體健康同樣必要。）
no other than／none other than
no other than／none other than ----用于強(qiáng)調(diào)，表示驚奇，"不是別人而正是……"：The stranger was none other than my old friend John.那位陌生人不是別人，正是我的老朋友約翰。（注
：none other than用在以人作主語(yǔ)的句子中，no other than主要用在It is…的強(qiáng)調(diào)句中，但none other than也可用在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中。）如：It is no other than/none other than old Mr．Smith．那
正是史密斯老先生。
not that…，but that…
not that…，but that… ----"并非因?yàn)?#8230;，而是因?yàn)?#8230;"：Not that John doesn't want to help you, but that it's beyond his power.并非約翰不愿意幫助你，而是因?yàn)樗麩o(wú)能為力。
not just…，but rather
not just…，but rather ----"不僅僅…而主要是…"：Everyone works several hours each day． The aim is not just to keep busy but rather to find meaning and enjoyment in work．人人
每天都工作幾小時(shí)，其目的不僅僅是為了不閑著，而是為了在工作中找到生活的意義和快樂(lè)。
now that…
now that… ----"既然，由于"： ____ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. a．For now b．Now that c．Ever since d．By now（答案 b．CET－4'90／1
．譯文：既然我們已完成功課，我們就開(kāi)始再做些復(fù)習(xí)吧。）＿ we have all the materials ready，we should begin the new task at once．a(chǎn)．Since that b．Since now c．By now d．Now that
（答案 d．考研 89．譯文：既然我們已備齊了材料，我們就立刻開(kāi)始新的任務(wù)吧。）（注：nowthat引導(dǎo)的從句所陳述的必須是現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)或已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事實(shí)；若尚未發(fā)生，需改用 since／as引導(dǎo)，如
不能說(shuō) Now that he won't come，let's have our meeting now，而必須將這句話中的 now that改為 since／as才可以。now that的考試頻度也很大。）
on／upon
on／upon----1．"on十動(dòng)名詞（或表示動(dòng)作意義的名詞）"，該結(jié)構(gòu)表示此動(dòng)作一發(fā)生，句子謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作就接著發(fā)生，可譯為"-……（就……）"：_____ my return, I learned that Prof. Smith had
been at the museum and would not be back for several hours．a(chǎn)．At b．On c．With d．During（答案b．考研'91．譯文：我一回來(lái)，就聽(tīng)說(shuō)史密斯教授去博物館了，幾個(gè)小時(shí)以后才回來(lái)。）2．
"on+（表示動(dòng)作意義的）名詞"，這一結(jié)構(gòu)所表達(dá)的意思相當(dāng)于與該名詞同源的動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞，表示"正在……"（注意名詞前要用定冠詞，一般來(lái)說(shuō)與這種名詞同源的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞）：The
production is on the decline（一 declining）．生產(chǎn)在下降。常見(jiàn)的與 on搭配的名詞有： on the increase; on the decrease; on the run; on the rise; on the boil; on the move; on the
watch等。
only
only ----1．"only too十形容詞（或過(guò)去分詞）"（＝very），表所"非常"：I shall be only too pleased to come．能來(lái)我非常高興。The news was only too true.這消息太好了（不可能是真的
）。與only too搭配的形容詞常見(jiàn)的有：pleased/ready／willing／glad／happy等。
2．"if only"引導(dǎo)虛擬條件句，表示"但愿，要是……就好了"：If only he would stop talking!他要是停止說(shuō)話就好了！If only I had followed your advice!我要是聽(tīng)你的話就好了！
3."only that"（=but that）"只是，要不是"：I would do it with pleasure, only (that) I am too busy.
4."only to-V"用在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后，表示后來(lái)發(fā)生了事先沒(méi)有料到的事情（這一用法也?？迹篈fter twenty years abroad, William came back only to find his hometown severely damaged in
an earthquake. We rushed to the airport only to find the plane flying away.
5."not only…but also""不僅…而且"(not only放在句首時(shí)需要用倒裝句；另外要注意not only…but also引導(dǎo)的成分要對(duì)等)：Not only did he speak more correctly, but (also) he spoke
more easily.
rather
rather ---- 1."would/had rather…than"或"rather than…would"表示"寧愿…而不愿"：She would rather have the small one than the large one. He would rather be liked than (be)
feared. Rather than refuse to help you, I'd borrow money from my bank. We ourselves would rather have left on the 8th, but we didn't leave till the 12th. I'd rather you ______
those important documents with you. A. not take b. don't take c. won't take d. didn't take (答案d. CET-6'93/6.)(注：如果would rather只涉及主語(yǔ)的選擇或愛(ài)好時(shí)，后面可直接跟動(dòng)詞原
形或不定式完成式；than前后連接的兩個(gè)成分要對(duì)等，可以是不定式或名詞；would rather后面動(dòng)詞的施動(dòng)者若不是句子主語(yǔ)本身而是另一個(gè)人時(shí)，后面需用從句，從句謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即用一般過(guò)去
時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反或很難實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望；用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示與已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事實(shí)相反的愿望。在托?？荚囍?，從句謂語(yǔ)還可以用動(dòng)詞原形，用動(dòng)詞原形僅僅表示一種愿望，如：We would rather that
he take this train．我們倒希望他乘這趟火車走。)
2．"rather than"或"rather…than""是……而不是……；應(yīng)……而不應(yīng)……;寧愿……而不愿……：He resigned rather than take part in such a dishonest transaction．He ran rather
walked．This is rather for father to decide than for you．We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style． a．rather than b．other
than c．better than d．less than（答案 a．．）Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people _____ harm them. A. more than b. other than c. rather than d. better
than（答案c. ．譯文：發(fā)展核科學(xué)應(yīng)造福于人民而不是有害于人民。）
3．"or rather""更確切些說(shuō)"（用于更正前面說(shuō)的話）：He arrived very late last night，or rather in the early hours this morning.他昨天很晚．更確切些說(shuō)是今天凌晨才到達(dá)。
same
same（adj．）----"同樣的，相同的" the same…that／as""和……一樣"（注：that和 as都可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)可以換用；但如果從句省略了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)則只能用as而不能用that。如果定語(yǔ)從句
修飾的是人、時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)時(shí)，連詞 that還可以用 who／when/where(代替)：He uses the same books that/as you do/as you.他用的書(shū)和你用的一樣。Put the book back in the same place where
you found it．你在哪里發(fā)現(xiàn)的這本書(shū)，還把它放回原地。The price is the same as before the war.物價(jià)與戰(zhàn)前一樣。（這里的as不能換用that）
say
say（vt.）---- l．"sb／sth is said to have done sth"＝It's said that sb/sth has done sth or did sth."據(jù)說(shuō)某人／某物做了某事"（注："be said to十不定式完成式"表示這個(gè)動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)
詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成，不定式完成也可以用被動(dòng)態(tài)。這是?？季湫汀＃篢he building is said _____ (destroy) in a fire two years ago.（考研'81．答案：由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) two years ago可以
判定destroy的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前，又由于大樓是被燒毀的，所以應(yīng)用不定式完成式被動(dòng)態(tài)，因此應(yīng)把destroy變?yōu)?to have been destroyed）
2．"to say nothing of"---（用在肯定句后）"更不用說(shuō)，還不說(shuō)"：The effort required is immense，to say nothing of the cost．要求付出的努力是巨大的，更不用說(shuō)花費(fèi)了。
so
so ---1．"not so十形容詞／副詞十a(chǎn)s"：It was not so easy as all that.并不那么容易。It did not take so long as he had feared.并不像他害怕的那樣費(fèi)那么長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。He was not so much
angry as disappointed．他很生氣，但更失望。
2．so十形容詞十可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)：I've never seen so beautiful child．我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)這樣英俊的孩子。（注：該句型相當(dāng)于 such a十形十名詞，但比后者更文氣些。）
3．"so十形容詞+as＋to-V"：Would you be so kind as to help me？勞駕幫幫忙好嗎？We'11 be much obliged if you will be so kind suggestions for improvement of our work. a．to
make b．a(chǎn)s making c．making d．a(chǎn)s to make（答案 d．譯文：如果你能提出改進(jìn)我們工作的建議，我們將非常感激。）He is not so stupid as to do that．他不會(huì)傻到竟然去做那種事情。
4. "not so much as"---"連……都沒(méi)有"：He didn't so much as ask me to sit down．他竟然連請(qǐng)我坐下都沒(méi)有。
5．so as to --- 以便：I will have everything ready so as not to keep you waiting.我很快就將一切準(zhǔn)備好了，以便不讓你久等。so用在肯定的陳述句之后引導(dǎo)倒裝省略句，表示"也同樣：
John had been working hard and so had his brother．約翰一直很用功，他弟弟也是這樣。
something of a…
something of a… ---"可說(shuō)是個(gè)；某種程度上的"（語(yǔ)氣上多少帶點(diǎn)貶義）：He's something of a liar，don't you think？他不太老實(shí)，你說(shuō)不是嗎？I'm something of a carpenter．我能做些
木工活。
soon
soon ----1. no sooner…than --- 一……就；剛…便（注：no sooner放在句首時(shí)需要用倒裝語(yǔ)句，這是?？季湫停篘o sooner had we reached the top of the hill ___＿ we all sat down to
rest．a(chǎn)．when b．then c．than d．until(答案c．．譯文：我們一到達(dá)山頂就坐下來(lái)休息了。)
2."would (just) as soon…(as)" ---"寧愿"： I would (just) as soon stay at home (as go for a walk).我倒寧愿呆在家里。I'd just as soon ______ rudely to her a. that you won't
speak b. your not speaking c. you not speak d. you didn't speak（答案d．．譯文：我倒希望你不要對(duì)她說(shuō)話不禮貌。）（注：would just as soon后面的從句謂語(yǔ)需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣一般過(guò)去時(shí)。）
3."would sooner…than" --- "寧愿…而不愿"：He would sooner resign than take part in such dishonest business deals.他寧肯辭職而不愿參與這類不誠(chéng)實(shí)的交易。
under
under十名詞 ----（注：這個(gè)名詞須是表示動(dòng)作意義的名詞，前面不用冠詞，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于與該名詞同源的及物動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行式被動(dòng)態(tài)，under repair－being repaired ； under discussion＝being
discussed；under criticism＝being criticized等等，The survival of civilization as we know it is _____ threat. a．within b．towards c．under d．upon（答案 c．．譯文：我們所熟知
的文明的生存正在受到威脅。）其它這類短語(yǔ)還有：under construction"在建設(shè)中"；under fire"遭到炮火射擊"；（或）"受到批評(píng)"；under examination"受到審查"；under control"受到控制"；
under suspicion"受到懷疑"；under detention"在拘留中"；under consideration"在考慮中"; under study"在研究中"；under review"在審查中"；under investigation"在調(diào)查中'等等。
used to (do)與be used to (sth)的區(qū)別
used to (do)與be used to (sth)的區(qū)別：used to（do）----這里的 used只用過(guò)去時(shí)，表示"過(guò)去常常……（但現(xiàn)在已不這樣了）"；否定式是used not（或縮合式use(d)n't,也可以用didn't use(d)
；疑問(wèn)句可用Used (sb) to do或Did (sb) use to do…？：I used to write poetry myself when I was his age.我在他那個(gè)年齡時(shí)常愛(ài)寫(xiě)詩(shī)。They used to play golf，didn't／use（d）n't they
？他們過(guò)去常愛(ài)打高爾夫球，是不是？She didn't use(d) to do it, did/used she？她過(guò)去不常做這個(gè)，對(duì)吧？Used you to know him/Did you use to know him?你過(guò)去對(duì)他熟悉嗎？There used to
be some trees in this field，use（d）n't／didn't there？過(guò)去這塊農(nóng)田里有一些樹(shù)，是不是？（比較下面兩句的差異：①I Don't swim as much as I used to.我現(xiàn)在不如過(guò)去那么經(jīng)常游泳廠。
(2) Life isn't so easy here as it used to be．現(xiàn)在這里的生活不如過(guò)去容易。（注：①句的主動(dòng)詞是行為動(dòng)詞 swim，省略句中只保留不定式符號(hào)to，省略掉動(dòng)詞swim及所帶成分，而 (2)
句的主動(dòng)詞是系詞be，在省略句中只能省略be后面的表請(qǐng)部分,be不能省略，這一點(diǎn)要注意。）be／get used to（doing）sth ---"習(xí)慣于……"（注：這里的 to是介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)）：He's
quite used to hard work／to working hard．他習(xí)慣于勤奮工作。You will soon _____ this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you. a. get used to b. get to
c. get over d. get on with（答案 a．．譯文：你不久就可以適應(yīng)這里的氣候了,那時(shí)溫度的變化就不會(huì)對(duì)你造成影響了。）
what
what----引導(dǎo)名詞從句，可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)（這也是?？季湫停篒n some countries, _____ is called equality does not really mean equal rights for all people．a(chǎn)．which b. one c
．that d．what（答案d．．譯文：在有些國(guó)家，所謂的"平等"并不真正意味著所有人都享有平等的權(quán)利。（what名詞從句作主語(yǔ)。）Physics is the present-day equivalent of used to be called
natural philosophy，from which most of present－day science arose． a．that b．what c．a(chǎn)ll d. which（答案 b．．譯文：物理學(xué)是過(guò)去通常被稱作自然哲學(xué)的當(dāng)今的對(duì)應(yīng)詞，大部分當(dāng)今的
自然科學(xué)均產(chǎn)生于此。）（what名詞從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)。）Water will continue to be ____ it is today ---next in importance to oxygen． a．how b．which c．a(chǎn)s d．what（答案d．．譯文：水
將繼續(xù)是今天的樣子，其重要性僅次于氧氣。）（what名詞從句作表語(yǔ)。）
whether
whether ----引導(dǎo)間接疑問(wèn)句或帶to不定式作賓語(yǔ)；引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)，如果不發(fā)生誤解，口語(yǔ)中可與if換用，但若從句放在句首或作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能換用if；引導(dǎo)不定式時(shí)也不能換用if；若與or連用引
導(dǎo)兩個(gè)間接疑問(wèn)句時(shí)， or后面需重復(fù) whether；whether引導(dǎo)的從句除作賓語(yǔ)外，還可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和讓步狀語(yǔ)：I don't know whether／if you like flowers．我不知道你是否喜歡鮮花。
This is certainly the case but whether it is a defect or not I don't quite know.情況當(dāng)然是這樣，但這是不是一個(gè)缺陷，我不太清楚。（此句不能換用價(jià) It all depends on whether we
can get their co-operation．這完全取決于我們能否得到他們的合作。（不能換用if）I don't know whether to accept or refuse．我不知道該接受或是該拒絕。（不能換用if，第二個(gè)不定式符號(hào)
to可以省略）I wonder whether we shall be in time for the last bus or whether we shall have to walk home．不知道我們是否可以趕上最后一趟公共汽車，或者我們將不得不步行回家。（這
是兩個(gè)并列從句，or后需重復(fù) whether）Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen．這到底對(duì)我們有害處或是有好處，尚有待觀察。（作主語(yǔ)）His firs question was whether
Holmes had arrived yet．他的第一個(gè)問(wèn)題就是赫爾姆斯是否已到達(dá)。（作表語(yǔ)）She was in bitter doubt whether she was right．她非常懷疑她是否對(duì)。（作同位語(yǔ)） Whether we go or whether
we stay，the result is the same.不論我們是走還是留，結(jié)果都是一樣的。（作狀語(yǔ)）Whether from bravery or stubbornness，they did not give in．不管是出于勇敢還是由于頑固，他們沒(méi)有屈
服。（作狀語(yǔ)）
with
with十復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) ---- With后面可跟帶現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞方。不定式和介詞短語(yǔ)等各種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，有時(shí)稱為 with獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，作狀語(yǔ)，表示原因、方式或伴隨狀態(tài)：I won't be able to go on
holiday with my mother being ill．由于我母親有病，我將不能去度假。All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.他鎖門閉戶在家整整工作了一個(gè)下午。I can't go out with all
These dishes to wash．我有這么多碗碟要洗，我出去不了啦。He was asleep with his head on his arms．他在那里睡著了，頭枕在雙臂上。With John away，we've got more room．約翰不在家，
我們就寬松多了。
Worth
worth----作形容詞，可表示"值…錢，相當(dāng)于……價(jià)值的"；"值得……的"（注：worth作形容詞只用于作表語(yǔ)，它后面跟動(dòng)名詞形式實(shí)際相當(dāng)于該動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)）：It's not worth more than two
pounds．它最多值兩英鎊。The book is well worth reading．這本書(shū)很值得一讀。As your instructor advised，you ought to spend your time on something ______ researching into． a.
precious b. worth c. worthy d. valuable（答案 b．．譯文：正大你的老師建議的那樣，你應(yīng)該把時(shí)間花在值得進(jìn)行研究的東西上。）
worthwhile
worthwhile ----"值得（花時(shí)間）做的，有價(jià)值的"：a worthwhile experiment值得做的實(shí)驗(yàn)；The visit to Pairs was worthwhile．到巴黎的參觀是值得的。The effort seemed worthwhile to
French decision－makers．這種努力對(duì)法國(guó)的決策者們來(lái)說(shuō)似乎是值得的。They did not find ______ to prepare for the worst conditions they might meet． a．worth their while b．it
worthwhile c. it worth d. it worthy（答案 b．考研'84．譯文：他們認(rèn)為不值得為他們可能會(huì)遇到的最壞情況作準(zhǔn)備。）（注：worthwhile還可以分開(kāi)寫(xiě)成 worth while，分開(kāi)寫(xiě)時(shí)后面可跟不定式
或動(dòng)名詞：It's not worth while to lose/losing your temper.不值得生氣。）
worthy of
worthy of ----"值得的，配得上的"；"有優(yōu)點(diǎn)的，值得尊敬的"（注：worthy可以作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞；作表語(yǔ)，后面多跟of；但根據(jù)張道真的（現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)用法詞典）P．546所引例句，后面還可跟不定式
）：live a worthy life過(guò)有意義的生活；a most worthy young man一位非常有出息的年輕人；the worthy poor值得尊敬的窮人；a worthy winner配得上的勝利者；He is a teacher worthy of
great respect．他是個(gè)非常值得尊敬的老師。She is not worthy to talk to a man like you．她不配與你這樣的人談話。（注：要注意worth、worthy和worthwhile三詞的具體含義和習(xí)慣搭配。）
動(dòng)名詞的用法
1．只能跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞有：suggest，finish，avoid、mind，enjoy，quit，postpone，delay，practise，fancy，imagine，consider，deny，escape，miss，risk，confess（to），
admit（to），appreciate，involve，favour，save，resent，survive等。見(jiàn)下例：
(1)He avoided giving us a definite answer．
(2)I enjoy working with you．
(3)Would you mind filling out this form？
(4)I appreciate ______ to your home．
a．to be invited b．to have invited
c．having invited d．being invited（答案 d．CET4'91／6．）（注：want，need，require， deserve，demand等屬另一類動(dòng)詞，如果以事物作主語(yǔ)時(shí)表示"需要"，后面要求跟動(dòng)
名詞，這種動(dòng)名詞在 形式上是主動(dòng)態(tài)，實(shí)際上表達(dá)的是被動(dòng)態(tài)的意思。）見(jiàn)下例：
(5)The floor requires washing．
(6) Your hair wants cutting．
(7)The garden needs watering．（注：need后面既可以跟動(dòng)名詞，也可以跟不定式被動(dòng)態(tài)，表達(dá)的意思相 同，如 The garden needs to be watered．）另外，advise，recommend，allow
，permit，forbid等動(dòng) 詞后面既可以直接跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)（如 advise starting early tomorrow），也可以跟帶不定式的復(fù)合 結(jié)構(gòu)（如 advise sb to do sth）。見(jiàn)下例：
(8)The teacher doesn't permit ______ in class．
a．smoke b．to smoke c．smoking d．to have a smoke（答案 c．．）（注：如果 permit后 面需跟以人作賓語(yǔ)的詞，就需將該句改為：The teacher doesn't permit anybody to smoke
in class． ）
(9)I recommend (your) buying/you to buy this dictionary.（可以使用由物主代詞限定的動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ) ?。?br> 2．要求跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和成語(yǔ)很多，常見(jiàn)的有：amount to"意味著，等于是說(shuō)"；feel like"很想"；go on"繼續(xù)"；aim at"旨在"；keep on"繼續(xù)"；set about"開(kāi)始，著手"；insist
on"堅(jiān)持要"；succeed in"成功地做……"；persist in"堅(jiān)持（做）"；dream of"夢(mèng)想"；object to"反對(duì)"； approve of"贊成"； refrain from"克制不做"；look forward to"期待著"；depend on"依
賴于"；give up"放棄"；see to"處理，負(fù)責(zé)（做）"；fall to"開(kāi)始（做）"；leave off"停下"；take to"變得喜歡"；put off"推遲"；participate in"參加"；come close to"幾乎，差點(diǎn)"； join
ill"參加"；suspect sb of"懷疑某人……"；excuse sb from"原諒某人……"； accuse sb of"指控某人……"；excuse sb from"允許某人不做…"；change sb with"控告某人……"；spend time…"花
時(shí)間做……"；when it comes to…"至于，談到"；waste time…"做……是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間"；set one's heart/mind on…"決意要……"。見(jiàn)下例：
(1)He insisted on doing it in his own way．
(2)I've been looking forward to coming to China for a long time．
(3)The match was cancelled because most of the members ______ a match without a standard court．a(chǎn)．objected to having b．were objected to have c．objected to have
d．were objected to having（答案 a．．object為不及物動(dòng)詞，后面要求跟介詞to十名詞或動(dòng)名詞，不能跟不 定式，也沒(méi)有被動(dòng)態(tài)。）
(4)My father has taken to playing the golf at the weekends．
3．后面要求限動(dòng)名詞的形容詞／過(guò)去分詞十介詞結(jié)構(gòu)，常見(jiàn)的有：fond of"喜愛(ài)"；good at"擅長(zhǎng)于"；sick of"厭煩"；proud of"為……感到驕傲"；keen on"熱望于"；responsible for"對(duì)……
負(fù)責(zé)"； capable of"能夠"； afraid of"害怕"；thirsty for"渴望"； tired of"對(duì)……厭煩"；interested in"對(duì)……感興趣"；ashamed of"自慚于"；engaged in"忙于"；opposed to反對(duì)；
accustomed to"習(xí)慣于"；given to"喜歡，常愛(ài)"；reduced to"到了……境地"；bent on"一心要"；get used to"習(xí)慣于"。見(jiàn)下例：
(1)They are all opposed to putting the meeting off．
(2)I am proud of being a member of the Chinese Communist Party．
(3)Is there any place you're particularly keen on visiting?
(4)Who is responsible for organizing the excursion？
虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法：
句子謂語(yǔ)需用動(dòng)詞原形的情況
從句謂語(yǔ)需用過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)的情況
虛擬條件句(或叫非真實(shí)條件句)
虛擬語(yǔ)氣考試的頻度非常大。虛擬語(yǔ)氣主要分為兩大類：謂語(yǔ)使用動(dòng)詞原形的情況及使用過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去 完成時(shí)的情況。
1．句子謂語(yǔ)需用動(dòng)詞原形的情況
1）英語(yǔ)中有些表示愿望、建議、命令、要求的動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)需用
should十動(dòng)詞原形， 美國(guó)英語(yǔ)多用動(dòng)詞原形，英國(guó)英語(yǔ)可用動(dòng)詞原形或用 should十動(dòng)詞原形兩種形式。
這些常用動(dòng)詞包括：suggest，propose，recommend，order，demand command request，require，insist，desire，ask，
urge，advise，move（提動(dòng)議），prefer，determine，resolve，decide，vote，arrange.
這些動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)仍需用虛擬式。見(jiàn)下例：
(1)Mary insisted that John come．
(2)We desire that the tour leader _____ us immediately of any change in plans．
a. inform b. informs c．informed d．has informed（答案a．.）
(3)Congress has decided that the present law be maintained．
(4)My father did not go to New York ； the doctor suggested that he _____ there．
a. not go b. hadn't gone c. not to go d. wouldn't go（答案a．）
(5)They demanded that the aggressor troops (should) be withdrawn immediately.
(6)They requested that we（should）send a delegation to their country．
(7)We prefer that the plan should be fully discussed before being put into execution．
（注： prefer的賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)多用 should十動(dòng)詞原形，也可直接用動(dòng)詞原形。）
(8)It is recommended that the project _____ until all the preparations have been made.
a．not be started b．will not be started
c．Is not started d．Is not to be started （答案a.．）
(9)It was arranged that they leave the following week．
(10) It is。quested．that John（should）give a performance at the party．
與這些動(dòng)詞同源的名詞的同位語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
與這些動(dòng)詞相應(yīng)的名詞有： suggestion／proposal／recommendation／order／demand／
request／requirement／insistence／desire／ advice／motion（動(dòng) 議）／determination／
resolution／decision/preference／arrangement等。見(jiàn)下例：
(1)He gave orders that the work（should）be started at once．
(2)Everyone was tired，so Bill got up and made a motion that the meeting be adjourned．
(3)Presently he made the suggestion that they carry on their conversation in French．
2）在一些形容詞后面的從句謂語(yǔ)需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
英語(yǔ)中有些表示必要性、重要性、愿望、建議、驚異、遺憾、要求等意思的形容詞，
在 It is十形容詞十 that從句結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句謂語(yǔ)需用虛擬式。
這些常用的形容詞有：necessary／important／vital／essential／
imperative/urgent/appropriate/preferable/
natural/strange/amazing/desirable/advisable/incredible；
以及以人作主語(yǔ)的形容詞 desirous/insistent/sorry/sad/surprised等和名詞pity／necessity／importance
等的同位語(yǔ)從句。見(jiàn)下例：
(1)It is necessary that he（should）be sent there at once．
(2)It is important that we unite with all that can be united In the struggle．
(3)t was essential that the application forms back before the deadline．
a．must be sent b． would be sent c．be sent d．were sent（答案 c．．）
(4)It is highly desirable that every effort be made to reduce expenditure．
(5)It is a great pity that he should be so conceited．
(6)It is a burning shame that little children should have to beg In street．
(7)It is of the utmost importance that you _____ here on time．
a．be b．shall be c．a(chǎn)re to be d．must be（答案 a．．）
(8)The president is strongly desirous that you should attend the meeting．
2．從句謂語(yǔ)需用過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)的情況
1）從句謂語(yǔ)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的情況。
（1）It is（high）time sb did／was doing sth．
在這個(gè)句式中，從句謂語(yǔ)只能用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。見(jiàn)下例：
(1)It's time you went to bed．
(2)It's time we were setting out．Its time they were taught a lesson．
(3)It's time about the traffic problem down town．
a．nothing to be done b．a(chǎn)nything will be done
c．everything is done d．something was done（答案 d．）
?。?）would sooner/would (just) as soon（從句謂語(yǔ)多用一般過(guò)去時(shí)）
?。╳ould sooner = would prefer； would as soon = would be equally willing）見(jiàn)下例：
(1)I could go myself but I would sooner you went．
(2)I would just as soon you didn't go there．
2）從句謂語(yǔ)可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
（1）wish
wish表示的愿望往往與現(xiàn)在或過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反，或者是很難實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，因此其賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，有以下三種情況：
若表示的愿望與說(shuō)話時(shí)存在的事實(shí)相反，賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，be動(dòng)詞多用were.
若表示的愿望是指未來(lái)，賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)多用could/would/might do/be。
若表示的愿望與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，或與已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事實(shí)相反，賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)需用過(guò)去完成時(shí)或could／would have done／been。（注意：不管 wish用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或過(guò)去時(shí)，上述規(guī)則不變。）見(jiàn)下
例：
(1)I wish I were as strong as you．
(2)I wish I had paid more attention to my pronunciation.
(3)I wished he would try again．
(4)She wished sincerely that she might do something to comfort him．
(5)Monica wished she hadn't come．
(6)I wish longer this morning，but had to get up and come to class．
a．have dept b．slept c．might have slept d. could have slept（答案 d．）
?。?）would rather that…
would rather后面引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的that不可省略。根據(jù)所要表達(dá)的不同意思，從句謂語(yǔ)可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)，還可用動(dòng)詞原形。用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，表達(dá)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望；用過(guò)去完成時(shí)
表達(dá)與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的愿望；用動(dòng)詞原形僅僅表示主句主語(yǔ)希望從句主語(yǔ)做某事的愿望。見(jiàn)下例：
(1)Henry would rather that his girl friend worked in the same department as he does．（事實(shí)是他的女朋友在另一個(gè)部門工作。）
(2)Tom would rather that Jack had gone to class yesterday.（事實(shí)是杰克昨天沒(méi)去上課。）
(3)We would rather that he take this train．（希望他乘坐這趟火車。）
（注：根據(jù)多年我國(guó)各種測(cè)試的情況看，似乎只考賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的情況，而且在沒(méi)有給出上下文的情況下，把用動(dòng)詞原形視為錯(cuò)誤）見(jiàn)下例：
(4)I'd rather you _____ those important documents with you．
a. not take b. don't take c. won't take d. didn't take（要求選d為正確答案）
?。?）if only／Oh，that…?。ū磉_(dá)一種強(qiáng)烈的愿望，用法同wish）見(jiàn)下例：
(1)If only he knew how we miss him！
(2)If could only see him once!
(3)Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _____ your advice!
a．follow b．had followed c. would follow d．have followed（答案 b．）
(4)Oh that could fly！
?。?）as if/as though
如果表達(dá)的是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況，謂語(yǔ)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；如果表達(dá)的是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的情況，謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，而不管主句謂語(yǔ)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或過(guò)去時(shí)。見(jiàn)下例：
(1)It seems as if it was/were spring already.
(2)They talked／are talking as if they had been friends for years．
（注：需要指出的是，并非所有由as if/as though引導(dǎo)的從句謂語(yǔ)均要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如果 as if從句表達(dá)的意思是根據(jù)當(dāng)時(shí)的事實(shí)或已經(jīng)表現(xiàn)出的跡象判斷是很可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生的事情，
從句謂語(yǔ)就用陳述語(yǔ)氣，根據(jù)句意從句謂語(yǔ)可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)。）見(jiàn)下例：
(1)It looks as if it's going to rain．（有可能下雨）
(2)He talks as if he has known everything．
(3)It tastes as if it is made of chocolate．
3．虛擬條件句（或叫非真實(shí)條件句）
如果條件句所表達(dá)的是純?nèi)患僭O(shè)的情況或是與事實(shí)完全相反的假設(shè)，或是發(fā)生的可能性極小，就稱為虛擬條件句（或叫非真實(shí)條件句），分為下面三種情況：
虛擬將來(lái)：（從句）if…should/were to…，（主句）…would/could/might/should do/be
虛擬現(xiàn)在：（從句）if…did/were…，（主句）…would/could/might/should do/be
虛擬過(guò)去：（從句）if…had p．p…，（主句）…would／could／might／should have done／been
1）表示將來(lái)的虛擬條件句：謂語(yǔ)用 should十動(dòng)詞原形，表示以未來(lái)不太可能發(fā)生為假設(shè)；謂語(yǔ)也可用 were to，表示以未來(lái)絕對(duì)不會(huì)發(fā)生為假設(shè)。見(jiàn)下例：
(1)If I were to／should do it，I would do it in a different way．
(2)If they were to／should act like that again，we should criticize them severely．
2）與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)完全相反的假設(shè)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性極小，從句謂語(yǔ)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)(be動(dòng)詞用were)，主句謂語(yǔ)用 would／could／might／should十動(dòng)詞原形。見(jiàn)下例：
(1)If had the time，I would certainly go．（but I don't have the time．）
(2)If were you，I would reconsider their proposal.（but I am not you．）
?。ㄗⅲ阂詓uppose/supposing和what if引導(dǎo)的從句，若特別強(qiáng)調(diào)假設(shè)的條件，可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣）
(3)Suppose／Supposing your mends knew how you're behaving here，what would they think？
(4)"We will set out tomorrow．""What if it rained？"
3）與過(guò)去事實(shí)完全相反的假設(shè)，從句謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，主句謂語(yǔ)用 would／could／might十完成式。見(jiàn)下例：
(1)If I had left a little earlier，I would have caught the train．
(2)I could have done better if I had been more careful．
(3)If he hadn't been ill，he might have come．
4）省略if的虛擬條件倒裝句：在正式書(shū)面英語(yǔ)中，如果條件句中包含有助動(dòng)詞had／should和were時(shí)，可省略if，然后把它們置于從句主語(yǔ)之前。見(jiàn)下例：
(1)Had we made（=If we had made）adequate preparations，we might have succeeded．
(2)Should I go to university one day，I would study hard．
(3)Were it。t for（＝If it were not for）their assistance，we couldn't have got over the difficulties.
5）含蓄條件句
英語(yǔ)中有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并非用if明確地表示出來(lái)，而是通過(guò)一定的詞匯、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、上下文或其它方式表示出來(lái)，這稱為含蓄條件句。在這種條件句中，謂語(yǔ)也需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。可以引導(dǎo)含蓄條件句
的有以下一些詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)情況：
(1)We could have done better under more favourable conditions（= If conditions had been more favourable）．
(2)This change could not have taken place without a solid industrial foundation（= If the industrial foundation had been weak）．
(3)They reaped a yield twice as much as they would have done with local strains（=If they had used local strains）．
(4)That would have been considered miraculous in the past（= If it had taken place in the past）．
(5)He would have helped you，but he was so busy（= If he had not been so busy）．
(6)I was ill that day．Otherwise（=If I had not been ill that day）I would have taken part in the parade．
(7)He must have had an accident， or he _____ then．
a．would have been here b．had to be here c．should be here d．would be here（答案 a．／1）（or＝otherwise=if he had not had an accident）
(8)It was so quiet that you could have heard a pin drop.（= If a pin had dropped）
(9)Because we had no drugs that might have saved him，Dr．Bethune died of septicaemia（敗血癥 ?。?If we had drugs we might have saved him．）
(10)The computer accomplished in an hour what it would have taken 1000 men a year to do．（=If the amount of work done by the computer in an hour had been done by
hand，it would have taken 1000 men to accomplish．）
(11)It would be a mistake not to help him．（=if we didn't help him）
(12)I wouldn't have acted as he did．（＝if were him）
(13)Only a fool would believe that．（＝If you believed it，you would be a fool．）
(14)A less brave man wouldn't have dared to work in the enemy headquarters.（=If a man had been less brave，he wouldn't have dared to work…）
(15)Another person could not have done it．（=If another person had been assigned to do it，he could not have done it．）
(16)Anybody in his position would have done the same．
(17)Five minutes earlier，we could have caught the last train．
a. and b. but c. or d．so（答案a．）
?。‵ive minutes earlier=If we had arrived five minutes earlier）
(18) ______ the flood，he ship would have reached its destination on time．
a．In case of b．In spite of c．Because of d．But for（答案 d．）
（but for the flood=if it had not been for the flood）（注：but for還可換用but that從句）
