英語中具有使役意義的動(dòng)詞較多，跟人們常常說的使役動(dòng)詞不是一個(gè)概念。通常我們說使役動(dòng)詞，指的是make, have, let這三個(gè)動(dòng)詞，它們?cè)诤蠼硬欢ㄊ阶髻e語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)要省去不定式符號(hào)to的特定用法。但具有使役意義的動(dòng)詞數(shù)量上遠(yuǎn)不止這些，用法也較靈活。(注：英語動(dòng)詞意義豐富，在此僅限于“使役”意義。)
1. have 的用方法
1). have +賓語+省to不定式：表示主語“要”“使”“讓”賓語干某事，賓語和賓補(bǔ)之間是一種主動(dòng)關(guān)系。而且還可以與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞will, would連用，不用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。
The rich lady had the singer eat with his servants.
I will have him come and help you.
2). have+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞：表示讓某人或物連續(xù)進(jìn)行某動(dòng)作或處于某狀態(tài)中，賓語和賓補(bǔ)是一種主動(dòng)關(guān)系。亦可轉(zhuǎn)化為“勸說，鼓勵(lì)”賓語干某事。
The two cheats had the lights burning all night long.
He had us waiting for him three hours yesterday.
I have them all talking to each other in English.
3). have +賓語+過去分詞：表示主語的主觀意志，即主語讓別人為自己完成某事，賓語和賓補(bǔ)是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。還可以表示主語遭受到來利或不測(cè)的事。
Tom said he had had his TV set repaired.
Tom had his wallet stolen on the bus yesterday.
“別人”在句中一般不出現(xiàn)，這是它與結(jié)構(gòu)1）的區(qū)別所在。試比較：
Have you washed your clothes? 你洗了衣服了嗎？（自己洗）
Have you had your clothes washed? 你叫人洗了衣服了嗎？（別人洗）
4). have+賓語+形容詞/副詞/介詞短語作賓補(bǔ)
Please have your tickets ready.
The Emperor had nothing on.
I am sure I’ll have him in the argument.
2. let的用法
1). let +賓語+省to不定式：表示主語“要”“使”“讓”賓語干某事，賓語和賓補(bǔ)之間是一種主動(dòng)關(guān)系，罕用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。有時(shí)也可指一種假設(shè)。let后不能接現(xiàn)在分詞，過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)。
Let them stay in the classroom and do their exercises themselves.
Let AB be equal to CD. 假設(shè)AB等于CD。
2). let+賓語+副詞/介詞短語作賓補(bǔ)
Let me in and let them out.
Who let you into the building？
3．make的用法
1). make +賓語+省to不定式：表示主語“要”“使”“讓”賓語干某事，賓語和賓補(bǔ)之間是一種主動(dòng)關(guān)系。此結(jié)構(gòu)常用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。make后不接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)。
The teacher made the naughty boy stand there for an hour.
The naughty boy was made to stand there for an hour.
2).make+賓語+過去分詞，此結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語指人時(shí)常用到反身代詞。
He raised his voice to make himself heard.
Can you easily make yourself understood in English?
They will make an important plan known to the public soon.
3). make+賓語+形容詞，賓語亦可是從句。
The news made her happy.
He made it clear that he objected to the proposal.
“半使役動(dòng)詞”在英語語法上還是一個(gè)沒有被認(rèn)同的概念或術(shù)語，而只是認(rèn)可了其v-ing形式和v-ed形式作為形容詞使用。但這類詞匯數(shù)量較大，使用頻率高，已成為學(xué)習(xí)和考查中的重點(diǎn)，難點(diǎn)，易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)，而且在教學(xué)一線已經(jīng)廣泛地被教師和學(xué)生所接受。半使役動(dòng)詞之所以得名，一則它們的意義都有“使某人感到……”,再則是為了與具有特殊用法的使役動(dòng)詞let, have, make等區(qū)別開來。
常見的半使役動(dòng)詞
amaze（使某人感到驚呀）， astonish（使某人感到驚奇）,
bore（使某人感到厭倦）, complicate（使某人感到復(fù)雜）,
confuse（使某人感到迷惑）, disappoint （使某人感到失望）,
delight（使某人感到高興）, discourage（使某人感到氣餒）,
distinguish（使某人感到顯著）, excite （使某人感到興奮）,
encourage（使某人感到鼓舞）, exhaust （使某人感到疲倦）,
frighten（使某人感到恐懼）, interest （使某人感到有趣）,
inspire（使某人感到刺激）, move（使某人感到激動(dòng)）,
please（使某人感到高興）, puzzle（使某人感到不解）,
satisfy（使某人感到滿意）, surprise（使某人感到驚異）,
shock（使某人感到震驚）, strike （使某人感到震動(dòng)）,
tire（使某人感到疲憊）, upset （使某人感到迷惑不解）,等等
半使役動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)式用法：something + Vt. + somebody
如：What surprised him most was her bravery. His brave deeds moved China.
The exam result satisfied his parents. The boy’s behavior upset everybody around.
半使役動(dòng)詞的派生形容詞
半使役動(dòng)詞有兩個(gè)或三個(gè)派生形容詞，一個(gè)加-ing，一個(gè)加-ed，有時(shí)還有一個(gè)加其他后綴構(gòu)成
如：interest----interesting, interested; astonish----astonishing, astonished;
please----pleasing, pleased, pleasant; satisfy----satisfying, satisfied, satisfactory.
半使役動(dòng)詞的v-ing和v-ed兩個(gè)分詞形容詞的用法也有規(guī)律
一般而言，作定語時(shí)，v-ing分詞形容詞修飾事物，v-ed分詞形容詞修飾人或者人的心理活動(dòng),表情等；作表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，v-ing分詞形容詞指事；v-ed分詞形容詞指人或擬人用法。而且作表語的v-ed分詞后接事時(shí)常有一個(gè)介詞。如：
The film we saw last night was very interesting.
We were all interested in the film.
The frightening hurricane made the girl very frightened.
The teacher was satisfied with the answer of his students.
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使役意義狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞get, leave, set, send, keep, drive, etc.
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1
get 使成為/變得某種狀態(tài)或結(jié)果（get的用法跟have很接近）
I can’t get the old radio to work. （接帶to不定式作賓補(bǔ)）
Can you really get that old car going again?
He got his wrist broken. （主語發(fā)生了不幸的事）
2
leave 使保持/處于某種狀態(tài)
Leave your hat and coat in the hall.
Did you leave the doors and windows firmly fastened?
Always leave things where you can find them again.
Leave somebody / something alone. 不要干涉某人或某事。
3
set 使某人或某物處于或達(dá)到某種特殊的狀態(tài)或關(guān)系
set somebody at his ease 使某人安逸/舒適/心情放松
set something in order 使某物井然有序
set somebody free / at liberty 使某人獲得自由，釋放
4
send 使某人或某物急劇地移動(dòng)
The earthquake sent the crockery and cutlery crashing to the ground. 地震將杯盤刀叉震落在地上。
Mind how you go---- you nearly sent me flying.
The good harvest sent the prices down. 豐收使物價(jià)下跌。
5
drive 使某人處于某狀態(tài)，迫使某人做某事
Failure drove him to despair / desperation. 失敗使他絕望。
Hunger drove him to steal. = He was driven by hunger to steal. 他為饑餓所迫而偷竊。
6
keep 使某人或某物保持某種狀態(tài)
You should keep the children quiet.
The cold weather kept us indoors.
I’m sorry I’ve kept you waiting.
使役意義動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞
cause 致使，導(dǎo)致（能接直接賓語，雙賓語，復(fù)合賓語）
What caused his death?
This has caused us much anxiety.
What caused the plants to die.（=what made them die.）
force 迫使，強(qiáng)迫 （賓語后常接介詞短語、副詞及不定式等）
force one’s way through a crowd 從人群中擠出一條路來。
force a way in / out / through 沖入/出/過
force an entry into a building 強(qiáng)行進(jìn)入一建筑
force the war upon him 強(qiáng)迫某人作戰(zhàn)
force someone into doing something 強(qiáng)迫某人做某事
