1. 不定式的構(gòu)成
不定式是由不定式符號to+動詞原形構(gòu)成,在某些情況下to也可省略。不定式一般有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化,通常有下表中的幾種形式(以do為例):
to do 表示主動,未發(fā)生
to be done 表示被動,未發(fā)生
to have done 表示主動已完成
to have been done 表示被動已完成
to be doing 表示主動,正在發(fā)生
to have been doing 表示主動,完成進行
1) 不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語之后。如:
They invited us to go there this summer.
他們邀請我們今年夏天去那兒。
2) 不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式所表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生,它在句中可作表語、狀語、賓語,有時也可作主語、定語等。如:
She seemed to have heard about this matter.
她似乎已聽說過這件事。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.
我很抱歉讓你等了這么久。
I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do.
我本來想告訴你這件事的,但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
3) 不定式的進行式
不定式的進行式表示正在進行的與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的動作。它在句中可以用作除謂語以外的所有成分。如:
It’s nice of you to be helping us these days.
你真好,這些天一直幫我們。
He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully.
他假裝在認真地聽老師講課。
4) 不定式的完成進行式
如果不定式表示的動作是謂語所表示時間之前一直進行的動作,就需要用完成進行式。如:
They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years.
據(jù)說他們已經(jīng)在西藏工作20年了。
We are happy to have been helping each other these days.
我們很高興這些天能互相幫助。
5) 不定式的被動式:
當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般要用被動形式,to be +過去分詞和to have been +過去分詞。這些形式可以用來作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補語。如:
It’s a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher.
對他來說,被老師責(zé)備是一件好事。
They seemed to be satisfied with the result.
他們似乎對結(jié)果很滿意。
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.
他要求被派往農(nóng)村工作。
She was the last person to have been mentioned at the meeting.
她是會上最后一個被提到的人。
I had to shout to be heard.
我不得不大喊才能被聽到。
6) 能接不定式的常見動詞:
能接不定式作賓語的常見動詞有:want(想要), like(喜歡), wish(希望), hate(憎恨,討厭), prefer(寧愿), hope(希望), fail(失敗), plan(計劃), refuse(拒絕), ask(要求),continue(繼續(xù)),manage(設(shè)法), try(盡力), offer(提供), start(開始), begin(開始), forget(忘記), remember(記得), promise(答應(yīng)), mean(打算), pretend(假裝), intend(想,打算), attempt(嘗試,企圖), decide(決定), learn(學(xué)會), agree(同意), determine(下決心), expect(期望), afford(負擔(dān)得起,買得起)等。
能接不定式做補語的常見的動詞有:感官動詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel等;使役動詞make, let, have 等;還有一般的動詞如advise(建議), allow(允許), ask, tell(告訴), invite(邀請), force(強迫), get(致使), help(幫助), wish, want, like, hate, prefer, expect, encourage(鼓勵), persuade(說服), permit(允許,許可), remind(使想起,提醒), request(請求,要求), order(命令), warn(警告,提醒)等。
1. -ing分詞的構(gòu)成
-ing分詞是由動詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成。-ing分詞同樣有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化,通常有下表幾種形式(以do為例):
doing (主動,正在進行)
being done (被動,正在進行)
having done (主動, 已完成)
having been done (被動, 已完成)
2. -ing分詞的一般式和完成式:
-ing分詞的一般式表示和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時進行的動作;完成式表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的動作。如:
Being a student, he was interested in books.
作為一個學(xué)生,他對書本很感興趣。
Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.
因為沒有努力學(xué)習(xí)功課,他考試不及格。
3. -ing分詞的被動式:
-ing分詞的被動式表示它的邏輯主語是-ing分詞動作的承受者。根據(jù)-ing分詞動作發(fā)生的時間,-ing分詞的被動式有一般被動式(being done)和完成被動式(having been done)。如:
The question being discussed is very important.
正在被討論的問題很重要。
He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter.
他從來沒談起過他被記者采訪的事情。
Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking.
被老師批評以后,他把煙戒了。
注意:在need, want, require, be worth等動詞(短語)后,作賓語的-ing分詞常用主動形式來表示被動含義。如:
Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned.
你的鞋需要清洗一下了。
This book is well worth reading.
這本書很值得一看。
4.能接-ing分詞作賓語的常見動詞:
mind(介意), suggest(建議), enjoy(欣賞,), admit(承認), appreciate(感激,欣賞), avoid(避免), delay(推遲), dislike(不喜歡,厭惡), escape(逃脫), finish(完成), forgive(寬?。? imagine(想象), keep(保持), miss(錯過), practise(訓(xùn)練), resist(抵抗,抵制), risk(冒險), deny(拒絕,否認), consider(考慮)等。
常見的帶介詞to的短語,后接-ing分詞或名詞:
admit to(承認), contribute to(捐助、貢獻), get down to(著手做), give way to(讓位于),keep to (堅持、遵守), lead to (導(dǎo)致),look forward to(期待), take to(從事), turn to (求助于), stick to(忠于、堅持), point to(指向、表明), see to (注意、處理), be used to (習(xí)慣于), devote oneself to (獻身于), be equal to (勝任的、等于), be familiar to (為……熟悉).
1. 過去分詞的定義
動詞的-ed分詞即過去分詞,是由動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成,只有一種形式。表過去,表完成。
2. 過去分詞的語法作用:
過去分詞一方面具有動詞的性質(zhì),另一方面也相當(dāng)于一個形容詞或副詞,在句中可以作表語、定語、狀語和補足語。
1) 過去分詞作表語,主要表示主語的心理感覺或所處的狀態(tài)。如:
Don’t touch the glass because it is broken.
不要碰那個杯子,它是壞的。
He is quite pleased with the design of the dress.
她很喜歡那禮服的式樣。
2) 過去分詞做定語:
①單個的過去分詞作定語一般放在名詞的前面,相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。如:
The excited people rushed into the building. 激動的人們奔進了大樓。
We need more qualified teachers. 我們需要更多合格的教師。
②過去分詞短語作定語通常放在被修飾的詞后面,相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。如:
Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活動嗎?
The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager.
外國專家提出來的建議被經(jīng)理采納了。
③過去分詞作定語也可用作非限制性定語,前后用逗號隔開。如:
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.
這些書是魯迅寫的,受到了許多中國人民的喜愛。
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.
這次會議獲得很大的成功,共有一千個學(xué)生出席了。
3) 過去分詞做狀語:
過去分詞和-ing分詞作狀語一樣,也可以表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
①表時間,相當(dāng)于一個時間狀語從句,有時過去分詞前可加連詞when或while來強調(diào)時間概念。如:
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.
從山頂上看,這個城市就像一個大花園。
Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
入黨以后,他決定獻身于黨的事業(yè)。
②表原因,相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句。如:
Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
激動的人們被那個故事深深地感動了,停止了爭吵。
Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.
受到了講演的鼓舞,年輕人決定起來從事斗爭。
③表條件,相當(dāng)于一個條件狀語從句,有時過去分詞前可用if等詞。如:
Given another chance, he will do better.
再給他一次機會,他會做得更好。
Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.
和你哥哥相比,你應(yīng)該更加努力學(xué)習(xí)英語。
If heated, water can be turned into steam.
水如果被加熱,會變成水蒸氣。
④表讓步,相當(dāng)于一個though/although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。如:
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
盡管已經(jīng)跑得筋疲力盡,他們還是繼續(xù)追趕著那個強盜。
Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.
盡管被許多人嘲笑,他還是繼續(xù)他的研究。
⑤表方式或伴隨情況。如:
The old man went into the room, supported by his wife
那個老人在他的妻子的攙扶下走進了房間。
Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job.
我和父親坐在桌子旁邊討論著我的工作問題。
4) 過去分詞作補語:
過去分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等詞后與一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語,用作賓語補語。如:
When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined?
你什么時候去醫(yī)院檢查你的牙齒?
When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.
當(dāng)你在作報告時,你應(yīng)該講響一點使自己被人聽清。
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