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墨，中國傳統(tǒng)文房用具之一，文房四寶之一，是書寫、繪畫的黑色顏料，后亦包括朱墨和各種彩色墨。

Ink, one of Chinese traditional stationery and one of Four Treasures of the Study, is a black pigment for writing and painting, and later includes Zhu Mo and various colored inks.

（1）松煙墨以松樹燒取的煙灰制成，特點(diǎn)是色澤烏黑，光澤度差，膠質(zhì)輕，只宜寫字。

（2）油煙墨多以動物或植物油等取煙制成，特點(diǎn)是色澤黑亮，有光澤；最常見的桐煙墨，堅實(shí)細(xì)膩，具有光澤。

(1) Song Yanmo is made of soot from pine trees, which is characterized by dark color, poor glossiness and light gum, so it is only suitable for writing.

(2) Oil-smoke ink is mostly made from animal or vegetable oil, which is characterized by black and bright color and luster; The most common tung smoke ink is firm, delicate and shiny.

按用途可分為普通墨、貢墨、御墨、自制墨、珍玩墨、禮品墨等。

御墨，顧名思義，當(dāng)是皇室宮廷用墨，最遲在唐代末期已專門生產(chǎn)供皇室使用的御墨。

自制墨是按造墨者的意愿所制的非賣品，多為官吏、士紳、書畫名家所制，或署有墨家名款，或署制者名款。

珍玩墨是專為欣賞收藏而制的非實(shí)用墨，選料上乘，墨模的雕刻甚精，藝術(shù)性高，亦為墨中精品。

禮品墨是作為饋贈的非賣品，此類墨多注重外部的表現(xiàn)形式，裝潢精美。由于不是實(shí)用品，故煙料較差，但其寓意明確，亦為收藏中的上品。品種有壽禮墨、婚禮墨、謝師墨等。

According to the use, it can be divided into ordinary ink, tribute ink, royal ink, homemade ink, rare ink, gift ink, etc.

Imperial ink, as its name implies, was used by the royal court. At the latest, at the end of the Tang Dynasty, it was specially produced for the royal family.

Self-made ink is not for sale according to the wishes of the ink makers. Most of them are made by officials, gentry, famous painters and calligraphers, or they have the names of Mohism or the makers.

Zhenmo is a kind of non-practical ink specially made for appreciation and collection, with excellent material selection, exquisite carving and high artistry, and it is also a high-quality ink.

As a gift, ink is not for sale. This kind of ink pays more attention to external forms and is beautifully decorated. Because it is not a practical product, the cigarette material is poor, but its meaning is clear and it is also the top grade in the collection. There are varieties of ink for celebrating birthday, ink for celebrating weddings, ink for thanking teachers and so on.

學(xué)習(xí)書法，筆法與墨法互為依存，相得益彰，正所謂“墨法之少，全從筆出”。用墨直接影響到作品的神采。歷代書家無不深究墨法。明代文人畫興起，國畫的墨法融進(jìn)書法，增添了書法作品的筆情墨趣。

墨的使用應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)∶

墨正：柳公權(quán)有所謂的“筆正”，磨墨也是如此。心正墨亦正，墨若不正偏斜，既不雅觀，磨出的墨也不均勻。

力勻而急緩適中∶磨墨時用力過輕過重，太急太緩，墨汁皆必粗而不勻。正確的方法應(yīng)該是“指按推用力”，輕重有節(jié)，切莫太急。

濃度適中：書畫作品中即使是淡筆，也是用濃墨寫的，差別是在蘸墨的多寡，而不是墨的濃淡。

隨磨隨用：用墨必需新磨，因墨汁若放置一日以上，膠與煤逐漸脫離，墨光既乏光彩，又不能持久，故以宿墨作書，極易褪色。

Learning calligraphy, brushwork and ink painting depend on each other and complement each other. As the saying goes, 'the few ink paintings are written by the pen'. The use of ink directly affects the expression of works. All the calligraphers in the past dynasties have delved into ink painting. With the rise of literati painting in Ming Dynasty, the ink method of traditional Chinese painting was integrated into calligraphy, which increased the pen feeling and ink interest of calligraphy works.

The use of ink should pay attention to the following points:

Mo Zheng: Liu Gongquan has the so-called 'pen Zheng', and so does grinding ink. The ink in the heart is also positive, and if the ink is not skewed, it is neither elegant nor uniform.

Uniform but slow and moderate force: when grinding ink, the force is too light and too heavy, too fast and too slow, and the ink will be thick and uneven. The correct method should be to 'point and push hard', and don't be too hasty.

Moderate concentration: Even the light pen in painting and calligraphy works is written in thick ink. The difference lies in the amount of ink dipped, not the shade of ink.

Use with grinding: new grinding is necessary when using ink, because if the ink is left for more than one day, the glue and coal will gradually separate, and the ink light will be dull and not durable, so it is easy to fade when Su Mo is used as a book.

徽墨有落紙如漆，色澤黑潤，經(jīng)久不褪，紙筆不膠，香味濃郁，豐肌膩理等特點(diǎn)，素有拈來輕、磨來清、嗅來馨、堅如玉、研無聲、一點(diǎn)如漆、萬載存真的美譽(yù)?；漳罅髋蔀殪?、休寧墨、婺源墨。

Hui ink has the characteristics of falling paper like paint, black color, long-lasting fastness, non-stick pen and paper, strong fragrance, abundant muscles and greasy sense, etc. It is known as the reputation of being light, fresh, fresh, firm as jade, silent, a little like paint and lasting forever. The three major schools of Hui ink are Huimo, Xiuning ink and Wuyuan ink.