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被動語態(tài)

2010.12.23

2009年07月30日星期四 03:11 P.M.

語態(tài)(Voice)，作為一個語法范疇，是表示主語和動詞之間的主動或被動關(guān)系的動詞行式。英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)(Active Voice)和被動語態(tài)(Passive Voice)。當(dāng)主語為動作執(zhí)行者即施動者時，動詞用主動態(tài)；如果主語是動作的承受者即受動者時，動詞便用被動態(tài)。例如：
(1) John helped Peter.
(2) Peter was helped by John.
句(1) helped是主動態(tài)；句(2)was helped是被動態(tài),可見主動態(tài)是無標(biāo)記的，而被動態(tài)是有標(biāo)記的。
構(gòu)成
被動語態(tài)由助動詞be的時態(tài)之一和及物動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。被動語態(tài)可用于各種時態(tài)，其時態(tài)變化通過助動詞be的不同形式來體現(xiàn)。如：一般現(xiàn)在時的被動態(tài)構(gòu)成形式為助動詞am/is/are + 過去分詞；而一般過去時的被動態(tài)構(gòu)成形式為was/were + 過去分詞。本冊要掌握的被動語態(tài)形式有：
一般現(xiàn)在時：am/is/are + 過去分詞
e.g. Football is played all over the world.
I’m often asked to do this work.
我常常被派做這項(xiàng)工作。
一般過去時：was/were +過去分詞
e.g. The terracotta warriors were found in 1974 near Xi’an.
They were discovered by workers in a field outside the city.
When was the building completed?
這座大樓什么時候建成的？
一般將來時：will (shall) + be +過去分詞
be going to + be + 過去分詞
e.g. The result of the exam will be known soon.
They are going to be given a difficult test.
一般過去將來時：should(would) be+過去分詞
e.g. The teacher said the results would be published soon.
He told me that the film would be shown the next week.
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：am/is/are + being +過去分詞
e.g. The new airport is being built by a foreign company.
一家外國公司正在承建這座新機(jī)場。
The song is being sung by the girls now.
過去進(jìn)行時：was/were being+過去分詞
e.g. The song was being sung by the girls when I got there.
The student was being criticized when I went into the
teacher’s office.
將來完成時：will have been+過去分詞
e.g. By the end of next term 2000 English words will

have been learned.
The building will have been built by next year.
現(xiàn)在完成時：has/have + bee n +過去分詞
e.g. All the tickets have been sold .
The book has been translated into many languages.
這本書已被譯成多種語言。
過去完成時：had been+過去分詞
e.g. Forty schools had been visited by last year.
All the tickets had been sold out when I got to the cinema.
過去將來完成時：would have been+過去分詞
e.g. He said many words would have been learned by 2001.
They promised that ten books would have been published
by the next month.
情態(tài)動詞：情態(tài)動詞 + be + 過去分詞
e.g. This road must be mended.
The machine parts may be needed in our work.
工作中可能需要這些機(jī)器零部件。
動詞不定式：to be + 過去分詞
e.g. I’m glad to be asked questions.
It is impossible for lost time to be made up.
失去的時間不可彌補(bǔ)。
主要用法
被動態(tài)常用于下列幾種場合：
1．當(dāng)不知道或不必提出動作的執(zhí)行者時（這時都不帶由by引起的短語）；
Printing was introduced into Europe from

China

.
印刷術(shù)是從中國引入歐洲的。
The airplane was made in

U.S.

Such books are written for children. 這種書是為兒童寫的。
2. 動作的承受者是談話的中心（這時可帶有由by引起的短語）；
The song was composed by a student.
這首歌曲是一個學(xué)生譜寫的。
Thousands of rivers are polluted in the country.
3. 出于禮貌措詞等原因而不愿說出動作執(zhí)行者是誰。
You are requested to get here in time.
請您準(zhǔn)時來這兒。
帶行為主體的被動態(tài)
行為主體就是動作的執(zhí)行者，即執(zhí)行動詞所表達(dá)的動作的人或物。在被動句中，往往不提及行為主體；但當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的執(zhí)行者時，可用介詞by引出行為( by +主體行為主體),置于被動態(tài)句的末尾，說明是什么人或物應(yīng)對有關(guān)事件負(fù)責(zé)。

e village was destroyed by a bomb.
這個村莊毀于炸彈。
The painting is very valuable. It was painted by Van Gogh.
這幅畫很值錢，它是梵·高畫的。
其它用法補(bǔ)充
1.“It + 被動語態(tài)+ that 從句”。表示謹(jǐn)慎或不太肯定的語氣。常用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞有：say, think, believe, agree, expect, consider, feel, know, decide, report, suggest, prove 等。
e.g. It is said that prices will rise again this month.
據(jù)說本月物價還將上漲。
It is thought that about a million dogs are born each year.
據(jù)認(rèn)為每年約有一百條狗出生。
It is reported that all the passengers died in the crash.
據(jù)報導(dǎo)所有乘客在那次飛機(jī)墜毀中遇難。
It is agreed that we will have two weeks holiday this year.
2. 用于通告標(biāo)題廣告等的被動態(tài)往往省去助動詞be。
e.g. No Chinese spoken here.
Shoes repaired.
Famous Painting Stolen. 名畫被盜。

K．不能變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)

1．受動詞的限制

①表示狀態(tài)的及物動詞，只能用于主動語態(tài)。

某些表示狀態(tài)的及物動詞，如have, own, cost, lack, want (缺乏), become (適合), fit, resemble, fail, last, flee, benefit, hold等作謂語時，不能變?yōu)楸粍泳洹?/span>

She resembles her mother. 她像她媽媽。

He lacks self-confidence. 他缺乏自信。

This hall can hold 2,000 people. 這個大廳能容納兩千人。

②當(dāng)及物動詞have表示“吃飯”、“患病”、“明白”、“知道”等意思時，沒有被動語態(tài)形式。

Would you have a cup of tea 你要喝杯茶嗎？

She had a bad cold yesterday, and now she is feeling much better. 昨天她得了重感冒，現(xiàn)在好多了。

③當(dāng)動詞get，take表示“懂得”、“知道”，owe表示“欠”，cost表示“使失去(生命、健康等)”的意思時，動詞沒有相應(yīng)的被動語態(tài)。

Do you get me 你明白我的意思嗎？

How do you take this passage 這段話你怎么理解？

I owe 50 pounds to you. 我欠你五十英鎊。

His careless driving cost his life. 他粗心的駕駛使他喪了命。

2．受賓語的限制

①當(dāng)賓語是相互代詞、反身代詞或具有類似相互代詞的關(guān)系時，動詞不能用于被動語態(tài)形式。

They simply cannot contain themselves for joy. 他們簡直無法抑制內(nèi)心的喜悅。

He absented himself from a meeting yesterday. 他昨天缺席會議了。

For years the two sisters looked after one another. 多年來兩姐妹互相照顧。

②當(dāng)賓語前帶有主語的形容詞性物主代詞時，謂語動詞通常不能轉(zhuǎn)換為被動語態(tài)。

I could not believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他還活著，我簡直不相信自己的眼睛。

The doctor shook his head and then went out without any words. 醫(yī)生搖了搖頭，一句話也沒說就出去了。

注意：

動詞的賓語是身體的一部分，一般不可變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)，但也有例外。

He fixed his eyes on the oil painting. 他注視著這幅油畫。

-- His eyes were fixed on the oil painting. 他的兩眼注視著這幅油畫。

③當(dāng)賓語起狀語作用，表示數(shù)量、重量、大小或程度時，不能用被動語態(tài)。

This kind of dictionary costs ten dollars. 這種字典價值十美元。

The case weighs twenty kilos. 這箱子重二十公斤。

④當(dāng)賓語是同源賓語時，通常不能轉(zhuǎn)換成被動語態(tài)。

He laughed a hearty laugh. 他由衷地笑了笑。

She dreamt a sweet dream. 她做了一個美夢。

⑤如果賓語是動詞不定式或動詞的-ing形式時，謂語動詞一般不能變換成被動語態(tài)。

He admitted having done wrong. 他承認(rèn)做錯了。

He has decided to go and study abroad. 他已決定出國留學(xué)。

⑥如果enter, leave, reach的賓語是地點(diǎn)、國家機(jī)關(guān)等，不能改為被動語態(tài)

He left the army in 1998. 他1998年退伍。

She entered the hall at once. 她立刻就進(jìn)入了大廳。

⑦另外，不可拆開的短語動詞，如take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour等，也不能改為被動語態(tài)。

The book belongs to me. 這本書是我的。

She caught a very bad cold. 她患了重感冒。

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p;必背：一些常見的不能變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的動賓詞組

catch a cold 感冒

eat one's words 食言

lose heart 喪失信心

lose patience 失去耐心

make a face 做鬼臉

make up one's mind 決心

make bed 鋪床

make room for 為……騰出地方

keep watch 守望

keep silence 保持安靜

speak one's mind 表明見解

take place 發(fā)生

take one's time 從容不迫，別著急

take office 就職

take one's leave 請假

take notes 作筆記

take up arms 拿起武器

take one's place 就位

⑧含有would rather或情態(tài)動詞dare的句子，不能改為被動語態(tài)。

I would rather do it now. 我寧可現(xiàn)在就干這件事。

He dare not do it. 他不敢干那件事。

四、被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)

所謂系表結(jié)構(gòu)，在此指“連系動詞+用作表語的動詞-ed形式”結(jié)構(gòu)。它與被動語態(tài)的形式完全一樣，所以在應(yīng)用時應(yīng)注意它們的區(qū)別。

A. 被動語態(tài)中的過去分詞是動詞，多強(qiáng)調(diào)動作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)。前者通常可用by+人或by+抽象名詞表動作的執(zhí)行者，而后者則一般不用。

The gate to the garden was locked by the girl. 花園門被那個女孩鎖上了。（被動結(jié)構(gòu)）

The gate to the garden was locked. 花園門鎖了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

The tree was blown down by the high winds. 那棵樹被大風(fēng)吹倒了。（被動結(jié)構(gòu)）

The tree was blown down when we saw it. 我們看到那棵樹時，它已經(jīng)被吹倒了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

注意：

少數(shù)“連系動詞be + 用作表語的動詞-ed形式”也帶by短語。

The old man was surrounded by small children. 老人被孩子們團(tuán)團(tuán)圍住。（被動語態(tài)）

<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />Guilin is surrounded by hills and mountains. 桂林周圍都是山。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

We were held up by fog. 我們因霧受阻。（被動語態(tài)）

The tree is known by its fruit. 看到果子就知道是什么樹。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

B. 系表結(jié)構(gòu)一般只用于一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時等少數(shù)幾種時態(tài)；而被動語態(tài)可用多種時態(tài)。

The composition is well written. 這篇作文寫得很好。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

The composition is being written. 這篇作文正在寫。（被動語態(tài)）

C. 系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞可被very, too, so修飾，被動語態(tài)中的過去分詞須用much修飾。

The boy was too frightened to move. 這孩子嚇得動也不敢動。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

He was very excited.他很激動。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

He was much excited by the news. 他聽到消息后很激動。（被動結(jié)構(gòu)）

D. be + 不及物動詞的過去分詞通常是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。

Her money is all gone. 她的錢都花光了。

The honoured guests are arrived. 貴賓們到了。