語法教學(xué)材料:虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣表示說話人的愿望、假設(shè)、猜測或建議，而不表示客觀存在的事實(shí)。虛擬語氣通過謂語動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來表示，下面對虛擬語氣在各種句式中的用法分別介紹。
虛擬語氣用于條件狀語從句。
表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)時(shí)，條件狀語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用“過去式（be的過去式用were）”，而主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用“would（should, could, might）+動(dòng)詞原形?！崩纾?
If I were you, I should studay English.
If he had time, he would attend the meeting.
表示與過去的事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)時(shí)，條件狀語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用“had +過去分詞”，主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用“would（should, could, might）+have +過去分詞”。例如：
If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed in the examination.
表示與將來事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)時(shí)，條件從句和主句所用的謂語動(dòng)詞懷“表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)”的謂語動(dòng)詞相同，或者條件從句中用“were to（should）+動(dòng)詞原形”。例如：
If you come tomorrow, we would have the meeting.
If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
當(dāng)條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間來調(diào)整。例如：
If you had worked hard, you would be very tired.
(從句說的是過去,主句指的是現(xiàn)在.)
5.以上句型可以轉(zhuǎn)換成下列形式:
1)省略if,用“were, have, should +主語”. 例如:
Were I in school again, I would work harder.
Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him.
Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come.
但在虛擬條件狀語從句中,省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動(dòng)詞的縮略形式,如我們可以說:
Were it not for the expense, I would go to Italy.
但不能說
Weren’t it for the expense, I would go to Italy.
2)用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句.例如:
Without air, there would be on living things.
But for your help, I couldn’t have done it.
3)用其了方式表示.例如:
It would produce had results to do that.
= If you have done that, it would produce bad results.
(二)虛擬語氣用于賓語從句
“wish +賓語從句”表示不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,漢語可譯為“可惜……”. “……就好了”, “悔不該……”, “但愿……”等.
表示現(xiàn)在不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式;表示將來不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望用“would(could) +動(dòng)詞原形”;表示過去不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望時(shí)用“had +過去分詞”或“(could)would +have +過去分詞”.例如:
I wish it were spring all the year round.
I wish you could go with us.
We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.
虛擬語氣在動(dòng)詞arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest,等后面的賓主從句中用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”.例如:
We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.
We insisted that they (should) go with us.
The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.
He demanded that we (should) start right away.
注意:insist作“力言”, “強(qiáng)調(diào)”解時(shí),賓語從句不用虛擬語氣,只有當(dāng)insist作 “堅(jiān)持(認(rèn)為)”, “堅(jiān)持(應(yīng)該)”解時(shí)賓語從句才用虛擬語氣.例如:
Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.
(三)虛擬語氣用于表語從句、同位語從句
作advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名詞的表語從句和同位語從句,其謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”.例如:
We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for
sightseeing.
My idea is that we (should) exercises first．
(四)虛擬語氣在 as if(as though)，even if( even though)等引導(dǎo)的表語從句或狀語從句中的應(yīng)用．
如果從句表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，用過去完成時(shí)，指現(xiàn)在狀況，則用過去時(shí)，指將來則用過去將來時(shí)．例如：
He looked as if he were an artist.
He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England．
Even if he were here，he could not solve the problem．
(五)虛擬語氣用于主語從句．
在主語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)用“ should 十動(dòng)詞原形”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等．例如：
It is necessary( important，natural，strange，etc) that … we should clean
the room every day.
It was a pity ( a shame，no wonder，etc) that you should be so careless．
It will be desired( suggested，decided，ordered，requested，proposed，etc)
that she should finish her homework this afternoon．
在上述三種主語從句中，should意為“應(yīng)該”,“竟然”，可以省去，但不可換用would.主句所用動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)不限．
注意：這種從句表示的是事實(shí)．如果說話人對這種事實(shí)表現(xiàn)出驚奇的情感，就可用虛擬語氣．反之，如果不表示驚奇等情感．That從句也可用陳述語氣，例如：
It is a strange that he did not come yesterday.
It is a pity that you can’t swim．
(六)虛擬語氣用于定語從句
這種從句常用在 It is( high) time( that)…句型中，定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式，或 should十動(dòng)詞原形( should不能省略，be用 were)來表示，意為“(現(xiàn)在)該……”。例如：
It is ( high) time we left (should leave).
lt is high time we were going.
(七)虛擬語氣用于 if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中
If only I had taken his advice.
我要是聽他的話就好了．
If only I were a bird．我如果是一只鳥就好了．
(八)虛擬語氣在簡單句中的應(yīng)用
l)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過去式用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，表示說話人謙虛、客氣、有禮貌或語氣委婉，常出現(xiàn)在日常會(huì)話中，例如：
It would be better for you not to stay up too late．
Would you be kind enough to open the door?
2)用于一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)法中，例如：
Would you like a cup of tea?
I would rather not tell you. You had better go now． 3)用“ may 十動(dòng)詞原形”表示“祝愿”、“但愿”． may須置于句首，例如：May you be happy! May you succeed!
虛擬語氣是一種動(dòng)詞形式，表示說話人的一種愿望，假設(shè)，懷疑，猜測， 建議等含義，虛擬語氣所表示的含義不是客觀存在的事實(shí)。
If I were you, I'd take them away.
如果我是你的話，我就會(huì)帶走他們。
If I had met Li Hua, I could had told him.
如果我碰見了李華，我就告訴了他了。
If I had time. I could come to help you.
如果我有時(shí)間，我會(huì)來幫助你的。
He suggested that our class should be divided into five groups.
他建議說我們的班應(yīng)該分成五個(gè)小組。
He speaks to us as if he had been there.
他給我們講的好象他去過那兒。
虛擬語氣的用法
1) 虛擬語氣用在簡單句中，表示祝愿，命令。
May you be happy.
祝你幸福。
May you have a good time.
祝愿你玩的痛快。
May the friendship between us last long.
祝愿我們的友情天長地久。
Have a good journey!
祝愿你旅途愉快！
You go out！
你出去！
2) 虛擬語氣用在賓語從句中。動(dòng)詞 wish, suggest,order,insist, propose,等詞后面的賓語從句表示的是一種虛擬語氣， 賓語從句中的動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作表示的只是一種愿望，要求。
I wish she would be on my side.
我希望她能站在我一邊。
I wish I could help him.
我希望我能幫助他。
He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means.
他堅(jiān)持要我們大家想盡辦法按時(shí)去那兒。
動(dòng)詞 demand, suggest, order, insist, propose 后面的從句中，'should' 可以省略。
The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class.
老師建議我們課后把黑板擦了。
He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves.
他要求學(xué)生每周都要自己洗衣服。
3) 虛擬語氣用在主語從句中。
在句型 'It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that .... ' 中，that 后面的從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用： should + 動(dòng)詞原形
It's necessary that we should have a walk now.
我們有必要出去散散步。
It's natural that she should do so.
她這樣做是很自然的。
It's important that we should take good care of the patient.
重要的是我們要照顧好病人。
4) 虛擬語氣用在狀語從句中。
虛擬語氣最多地用在表示條件的狀語從句和表示結(jié)果的主句中。在表示與事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣時(shí)，動(dòng)詞有三種時(shí)態(tài)形式，即現(xiàn)在，過去和將來。
與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的：
條件從句 結(jié)果從句
If I (we,you,he,they)+ 動(dòng)詞過去式.. if I (he,she) were... I (we) should + 動(dòng)詞原形。 He (you,they) would + 動(dòng)詞原形。
與過去事實(shí)相反的：
條件從句 結(jié)果從句
If I(we,you,he,they)+ had + 過去分詞 I(we)should + have+ 過去分詞。He (you,they) would + have + 過去分詞。
If I were you, I should buy it.
如果我是你，我就買了它。
If I had time, I would study French.
如果我有時(shí)間，我會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)法語的。
If she knew English,she would not ask me for help.
如果她懂英語的話，她不會(huì)找我?guī)兔Φ摹?
If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.
如果你早一點(diǎn)起床，就會(huì)趕上火車的。
If it were fine tomorrow,I would go shopping.
如果明天天氣好，我就去買東西。
有關(guān)虛擬語氣的幾個(gè)問題：
1) 有時(shí)if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句可以省略 if，而把從句中的動(dòng)詞 were, had 或 should 移到主語前面。
Were she younger, she would do it .
如果她年青點(diǎn)， 她就會(huì)干的。
Had he known her address, he would had gone to visite her.
如果他知道她的地址，他會(huì)去看她的。
2) 有時(shí)表示虛擬語氣的條件從句或者主句都可以省略，而只剩下一個(gè)主句或者一個(gè)條件從句。
I could help you.
我本來可以幫助你。
If I had time.
我要有時(shí)間該多好啊。
She should have come to the party.
她應(yīng)該來參加聚會(huì)。
If he had much more money.
如果他有更多的錢就能...。
3) 虛擬語氣中，條件從句的動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作可以和主句的動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作時(shí)態(tài)不一致。
If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now.
如果他們以前努力學(xué)習(xí)的話，現(xiàn)在干的就會(huì)容易些。
If he had not taken my advice, he wouldn't do it much better like this.
如果他不聽取我的建議，他就不會(huì)干得這樣好。
虛擬語氣
back
一、虛擬語氣表示一種不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的假設(shè)。該語法主要用于if條件狀語從句。也可用于主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句等。
二、if條件狀語從句中虛擬語氣的判斷
判斷是真實(shí)條件句還是非真實(shí)條件句。只有在非真實(shí)條件句中才使用虛擬語氣。通過句子意思，看假設(shè)的條件是否能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)是真實(shí)條件句，不能使用虛擬語氣；假設(shè)的條件不能實(shí)現(xiàn)則是非真實(shí)條件句，要用虛擬語氣。
判斷這個(gè)假設(shè)是與哪個(gè)事實(shí)相反。通常有三種情況：
1與過去事實(shí)相反。
2與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。
3與將來事實(shí)可能相反。
三、“后退一步法”
后退一步法是指在準(zhǔn)確地判斷了該句與哪一事實(shí)相反后，按虛擬語氣的后退一步法處理從句謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。即：在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞按正常情況“后退一步”。
也就是：
1 與過去事實(shí)相反，在從句中用過去完成時(shí)形式表示。
2 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，在從句中用過去一般時(shí)形式表示。
3 與將來事實(shí)可能相反，在從句中用過去將來時(shí)形式表示?！?
主句中則用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞would, should, could 等加一個(gè)與從句一致的動(dòng)詞形式。
If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him.
If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn’t go out.
三、would rather ＋從句
在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句的位于動(dòng)詞用過去形式表示虛擬。
I would rather you did this instead of me
四 賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
advise, direct, agree, ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest 后的從句
其從句謂語的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用：should＋原形動(dòng)詞
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