V-ing I
-ing形式既可用作動(dòng)名詞也可用作現(xiàn)在分詞，可以作主語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)等。下面重點(diǎn)講一下其作定語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的用法。
一、-ing形式作定語(yǔ)
單個(gè)V-ing作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，放在被修飾詞之前；V-ing短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，放在被修飾詞之后，通常有以下兩種意義：1. 表示動(dòng)作 (主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作)，2. 表示用途。如：
The man standing by the window is our teacher.
Many frightened people rushed out of the burning building.
There is a swimming pool in our school.
I bought a writing desk this morning.
點(diǎn)撥：V-ing有一般式和完成式，且有主動(dòng)形式和被動(dòng)形式。當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是V-ing動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，V-ing用被動(dòng)形式。如：
The building being built now will be finished next month.
二、-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
感官動(dòng)詞如see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe及find等+ sb + doing sth，表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生或處于一種狀態(tài)中。如：
We heard the children shouting upstairs. 我們聽(tīng)見(jiàn)孩子們?cè)跇巧辖泻啊?/span>
I felt my heart beating violently. 我感覺(jué)到我的心在猛烈地跳動(dòng)。
I won’t have you running about in the room. 我不允許你在房間里跑來(lái)跑去。
We kept the fire burning all night long. 我們讓火整夜燒著。
注意: 如果賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是一系列的動(dòng)作，通常用不定式，而不用V-ing形式。如：
I saw him enter the room, sit down and light a cigarette. 我看見(jiàn)他走進(jìn)房間，坐了下來(lái)，點(diǎn)了一根煙。
1. Peter received a letter just now _____ his grand-ma would come to see him soon.
A. said B. says C. saying D. to say
2. My sister, an inexperienced rider, was found sitting on the bicycle _____ to balance it.
A. having tried B. to try C. trying D. tried
3. Those naughty boys were caught _____ flowers in the garden again.
A. to steal B. stealing C. to have stolen D. having stolen
4. —Who gave you this message?
—A man _____ himself Mr. Zhang.
V-ing II
上個(gè)單元我們學(xué)習(xí)了-ing形式作定語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的用法，這個(gè)單元重點(diǎn)講一下其作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)的用法。
一、-ing形式作主語(yǔ)
1. -ing形式直接作主語(yǔ)。如：
Learning is the most important thing for a student. 學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)是最重要的事情。
2. it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)-ing形式放在句末。如：
It’s a waste of time arguing about it. 爭(zhēng)論這事是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
It is worth trying. 試一下是值得的。
注意：-ing作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)對(duì)于談話雙方是不言而喻的。如：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的?！ ?/span>
此處Reading aloud的邏輯主語(yǔ)泛指任何人，因而無(wú)需表明。如果作主語(yǔ)的-ing形式需要說(shuō)明邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般用物主代詞或名詞所有格，即名詞后加’s。如：
His father’s falling ill worried him greatly. 他父親生病使他很著急?！ ?/span>
二、-ing形式作表語(yǔ)
1. 表示主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容。如：
Her job is keeping the room clean. 她的工作是使這個(gè)房間保持干凈。
2. 表示主語(yǔ)具有的特征，此時(shí)-ing相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞。如：
The problem is quite confusing. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題很令人困惑。
三、-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)
-ing形式既可作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，也可作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如：
They prefer spending their summer vacation in Dalian. 他們更喜歡在大連過(guò)暑假。
After a cup of coffee, he went on writing the letter. 喝了一杯咖啡后，他繼續(xù)寫信。
1. Her work is __________ (look) after children.
2. The news was so ___________ (surprise) that I thought it was a joke.
3. I am looking forward to ___________ (see) you again.
4. It’s no use ___________ (try) to fool me.
5. ___________ (lose) her new bicycle made Mary so upset.
6. Tom’s ___________ (attend) the party made his friends very happy.
V-ing III
V-ing形式可以作狀語(yǔ)，在句中表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式或伴隨情況等。V-ing形式作時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)時(shí)多位于句首；作結(jié)果、伴隨情況狀語(yǔ)時(shí)常位于句末。
1. 表示時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如：
Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination. (= After we have made full preparations)我們已經(jīng)作好了充分準(zhǔn)備，現(xiàn)在可以應(yīng)考了。
2. 表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。 如：
Being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday. (= Since he was ill)由于生病，他昨天沒(méi)有去上學(xué)。
3. 表示結(jié)果，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)。 如：
His father died, leaving him a lot of money. （= and left him a lot of money.）他父親死了，留給他許多錢。
4. 表示條件，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。 如：
Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed.（=If you work hard at your lessons）如果你努力學(xué)習(xí)，就一定能成功。
5. 表示讓步，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。如：
Knowing all of it, they made me pay for the damage. (= Although they knew all of it) 盡管知道了一切情況，他們還是要我賠償損失。
6. 表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. 他躺在草地上，長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地望著天空。
注意： V-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)一般須與句子的主語(yǔ)一致，當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)不同時(shí)，分詞必須有自己的主語(yǔ)。如：
Time permitting, I will finish another lesson.
點(diǎn)撥：V-ing有一般式和完成式。一般式表示和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；完成式（having +過(guò)去分詞）表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：
Being a student, he was interested in books.
He hurried home, looking behind him as he went.
Having studied in the university for 3 years, he knows the place very well.
Having finished my homework, I went to watch TV.
即時(shí)練習(xí)
1. _____ that she was going off to sleep, I asked if she’d like that little doll on her bed.
A. Seeing B. To see C. See D. Seen
2. _____ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.
A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed
3. _____ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.
A. To walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked
4. _____ that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest.
A. Not realized B. Not to realize C. Not realizing D. Not to have realized
Key: 1-4 ADBC
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