安徽省巢湖市第七中學(xué) · 萬(wàn)小泉
英語(yǔ)并列句(compound sentence)的基本用法是用來(lái)表達(dá)有密切邏輯關(guān)系的同等重要思想。并列句的書面形式除需要借助并列連詞的幫助外，還要借助標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的幫助。并列句的結(jié)構(gòu)較為簡(jiǎn)單，但與標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)之間的關(guān)系卻十分微妙。本文擬對(duì)此作一探究。
一、并列句與逗號(hào)“，”。
1. 逗號(hào)一般不能獨(dú)立連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上并列分句。它必須借助并列連詞的力量。并列連詞，如：and, but, or, so, for, yet等可與逗號(hào)一起連接并列分句。例如：
We waited for an hour, but our bus did not come.我們等了一小時(shí)，但我們的汽車沒(méi)來(lái)。
A freshman should study regularly, or he may have to repeat a course.一年級(jí)學(xué)生要按部就班地學(xué)習(xí)，否則就會(huì)留級(jí)。
I am interested in your program, and I’m going to help you.我對(duì)你接的這項(xiàng)工作很感興趣，并且我要幫助你。
We cannot get the door open, so we will have to walk around to the other door.我們打不開門，因此我們不得不繞到另個(gè)門。
The poem is ironic, for the poet’s meaning contrasts with his words.這首詩(shī)是反義，因?yàn)樵?shī)人的話與其意思相反。
2. 有時(shí)一串平行的短句用逗號(hào)連接起來(lái)，而不用連詞。這種并列結(jié)構(gòu)看起來(lái)像是逗號(hào)的濫用，然而卻是對(duì)的。例如：
We need wisdom, we need money, we need power.我們需要智慧，我們需要金錢，我們需要權(quán)力。
He is cruel, he is lustful, he is immensely cunning.他殘忍，他好色，他非常狡猾。
Paupers want to be rich men, rich men want to be kings, kings want to be gods.窮人想變富，富人想稱王，王者想成神。
3. 逗號(hào)可用于分隔句中三個(gè)以上的并列分句，最后兩個(gè)分句之間可用and連接。例如：
She entered the room, took off her shoes, and threw herself onto the sofa.她進(jìn)入房間，脫下鞋，然后躺倒在沙發(fā)上。
In the Great Depression, millions lost their jobs, businesses failed, and charitable institutions closed their doors.在經(jīng)濟(jì)大危機(jī)時(shí)期，數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)的人失業(yè)，公司倒閉，慈善機(jī)構(gòu)關(guān)門。
二、并列句與分號(hào)“；”。
1. 分號(hào)力量較逗號(hào)大，可以不借助于并列連詞，完全靠自己的力量來(lái)連接兩個(gè)并列分句。例如：
He couldn’t have gone home this weekend; I saw him at the ball game on Saturday and in the library on Sunday. 他這個(gè)周末不可能回家；我在周六的球賽中看到了他，而且周日在圖書館也看見了他。
Bill is one of the most capable students; his records are among the best in our class.比爾是最能干學(xué)生中的一個(gè)；他的成績(jī)是我們班上最好的。
2. 分號(hào)的上述用法可以用逗號(hào)加并列連詞來(lái)代替，即把分號(hào)“；”改為“，”，并加上相應(yīng)的并列連詞。如上述第二例可改為：
Bill is one of the most capable students, and his records are among the best in our class.
3. 間或我們可以看到既用分號(hào)又用并列連詞連接的并列句，這是為了加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。如上述第二例也可改為：
Bill is one of the most capable students; and his records are among the best in our class.
4. 并列分句也常用連接副詞（如：however, therefore, furthermore, moreover, nevertheless, besides, consequently, accordingly, otherwise, afterwards, hence, indeed, in fact, later, yet, thus, still, then 等）連接，以起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明；此時(shí)連接副詞前面或用逗號(hào)或用分號(hào)。例如：
She was angry, (或 ; ) nevertheless he listened to me.她生氣了，但聽我的話。
It rained, (或 ;) therefore the game was called off.由于有雨，因而那場(chǎng)比賽取消了。
He has lived on this island, (或 ; ) besides he has married a native woman.他在這島上已生活了三十年，此外，他還娶了一位當(dāng)?shù)貗D女。
The coat is tattered beyond repair; (或 , )still, Anne hopes the tailor can mend it.這件上衣破爛不堪，然而安妮仍希望裁縫把它縫補(bǔ)好。
Please call before you come, (或 ;) otherwise we might not be home.你來(lái)之前請(qǐng)先打個(gè)電話，否則我們可能不在家。
5. 單純連詞也可放在連接副詞前面，這時(shí)它前面可加逗號(hào)。例如：
He rarely meets people, and therefore he feels shy.他很少與人會(huì)面，因而覺(jué)得害羞。
He has seen touch of the world, but still he is eager to see more.這個(gè)社會(huì)他已經(jīng)看到了許多，可他仍急切地想多看一些。
6. 帶有連接副詞的并列句，若兩個(gè)分句（或其中一個(gè)）中有一逗號(hào)，則須用分號(hào)代替逗號(hào)。例如：
He’s young; however, he knows more than he seems to.他很年輕，然而，他比看起來(lái)懂得更多。
John left his home twenty minutes late; consequently, he missed his train.約翰離開家晚了二十分鐘；結(jié)果他沒(méi)趕上火車。
7. 連接副詞和短語(yǔ)連詞（不包括and, but及or)有時(shí)可放在主語(yǔ)后面。這時(shí)這個(gè)主語(yǔ)前面應(yīng)用一個(gè)分號(hào)，甚至句號(hào)。例如：
Not only her son died; she herself went mad, too (或as well) .不僅她兒子死了；她本人也變瘋了。
The storm was terrible; few houses, however, were damaged.那場(chǎng)風(fēng)暴是可怕的；不過(guò)很少有房屋被毀。
He made many mistakes; his younger sister, on the other hand, made very few.他做錯(cuò)了許多；而另一方面，他妹妹卻錯(cuò)得很少。
John is seriously ill. Some of his best friends and relatives, therefore, are coming to see him.約翰病得很重。結(jié)果，他的幾位要好的親戚朋友要來(lái)看他。
三、并列句與破折號(hào)“—”。
1. 有時(shí)可用破折號(hào)“——”來(lái)代替分號(hào)，以隔開插入句中的附加信息，起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明或加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)調(diào)的作用。例如：
You’ve got enough facts—or is it that you don’t want to face facts?你有足夠的事實(shí)——還是你不想面對(duì)事實(shí)？
I want to go to the party — however, I have no transport.我想去參加聚會(huì)，但我沒(méi)有交通工具。
Such accidents cannot possibly occur—but, of course, that one did happen.這樣的事故不可能發(fā)生——但是，那次事故就確實(shí)發(fā)生了。
2. 有時(shí)可用破折號(hào)“——”來(lái)代替冒號(hào)，表示對(duì)前面的話的總結(jié)或結(jié)論。例如：
He is modest, considerate, warm-hearted — he is a good man.他謙遜、體諒別人、熱心腸——是一個(gè)不錯(cuò)的人。
Men were shouting, women were screaming, children were crying—it was chaos.男的喊、女的叫、孩子哭——混成一片。
You’ve admitted that you lied to me—how can I trust you again?你已經(jīng)承認(rèn)對(duì)我撒了謊——我怎么能再信任你呢？
四、并列句與冒號(hào)“：”。
冒號(hào)可用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)關(guān)系十分緊密的分句。第二個(gè)分句幾乎就是第一個(gè)分句的再一次闡述；或是第一個(gè)分句的具體內(nèi)容或結(jié)果。使用冒號(hào)時(shí)也不用并列連詞。例如：
Ed began to study seriously: he had finally come to his senses.埃德開始認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)：他終于覺(jué)悟過(guò)來(lái)。
The story illustrates an important principle: work comes first.這個(gè)故事揭示了一條重要原則：工作應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)谝弧?/span>
The garden had been neglected for a long time: it was overgrown and full of weeds.那個(gè)花園長(zhǎng)期無(wú)人照料，里面長(zhǎng)滿了雜草。
He knocked at the door again and again: there was no answer.他一再敲門，但無(wú)人應(yīng)聲。
Here is the client’s request: we are to provide the preliminary proposal by November 15.這里是客戶的要求：我們應(yīng)在11月15日之前提供初步計(jì)劃。
The week had been productive: fourteen projects had been completed and another dozen had been initiated. 那一周成果豐碩：完成了14個(gè)項(xiàng)目，另外又開始了12項(xiàng)。
五、并列句與句號(hào)“。”。
1. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句的關(guān)系不很緊密，并列連詞可引導(dǎo)單獨(dú)一個(gè)句子。此時(shí)并列連詞前可用句號(hào)或感嘆號(hào)。例如：
I’m sorry to trouble you. But can you direct me to the nearest post office?對(duì)不起打擾一下。你可以告訴我最近的郵局在哪兒?jiǎn)幔?/span>
You’re alive! And she’s dead.你活著，而她卻死了。
2. 并列連詞有時(shí)有意把前面一系列句子(看作一個(gè)整體)和后面的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)句子(看作一個(gè)整體)連接起來(lái)，此并列連詞前也可用句號(hào)等。例如：
Bob got up at five every morning. He would read a newspaper while eating his breakfast. It was about eight when he started for the office. But today is Sunday. He wants to sleep as much as possible. 鮑勃每天五點(diǎn)起床。一邊吃早飯，一邊看報(bào)紙。大約八點(diǎn)鐘去上班?？山裉焓切瞧谔臁Ｋ攵嗨粫?huì)兒。
參考文獻(xiàn)：
1. 李經(jīng)緯《英語(yǔ)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)用法指南》，金盾出版社，2004年
2. 薄冰《薄冰常用英語(yǔ)詞匯用法全解》山西教育出版社，2006年
3. 霍恩比(原著) 李北達(dá)(編譯)《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》(第四版)，商務(wù)印書館，1997年
【本文發(fā)表于《中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究》2011年第2期】
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