推斷語(yǔ)篇的主旨大意是高考英語(yǔ)試卷中測(cè)試考生閱讀能力常出現(xiàn)的考點(diǎn)，也是考生感到最為棘手的試題。主旨大意題要求考生對(duì)篇章具有很強(qiáng)的把握能力和分析能力，筆者從以下三個(gè)方面來(lái)綜合分析閱讀理解主旨大意題。
一、題型特點(diǎn)和命題方式
1.從考查的對(duì)象看，主旨大意題考查：
(1) 篇章主旨大意。該類題針對(duì)整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇的主題設(shè)問(wèn)，主題句多出現(xiàn)在文章首段，其次是末段或?yàn)閹锥沃黝}的綜合。
(2) 段落主旨大意。該類題針對(duì)某段或某幾段的主題設(shè)問(wèn)。主題句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能需要從上下文中尋找或總結(jié)。
2.從考查的內(nèi)容看，主旨大意題可分為主題類，即考查文章或段落的主旨大意和標(biāo)題類，即考查文章最佳標(biāo)題的選擇。
主旨大意題常用main idea, main point, key point, main topic, mainly discuss, mainly explain, is mainly about,best title等詞語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)。
二、常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)方式
標(biāo)題類
(1)Which might be the best title for the passage?
(2)Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
(3)Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage?
(4)Which of the following titles best sums up the whole passage?
中心類
(1)What does the text mainly talk about?
(2)The main idea/key point of this passage is that
(3)Whats the main idea/subject/topic of the passage?
(4)Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?
段意類
(1)What is the main idea of Paragraph 1/the last paragraph?
(2)What does the author mainly want to tell us in the last paragraph?
(3)Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph 4?
(4)What does the writer try to express in Paragraph 1?
三、解題思路和應(yīng)試技巧
做主旨大意題應(yīng)該從話題、主題段、主題句、語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)等方面入手，從全局的角度梳理文章脈絡(luò)，并進(jìn)行歸納概括。
（一）總結(jié)語(yǔ)篇話題
高考英語(yǔ)試卷所選的每一篇文章都有一個(gè)具體的話題。語(yǔ)篇中最明顯的特點(diǎn)是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫主題詞。抓住了它，就抓住了文章的中心。
【典例1】One of my first memories as a child in the 1950s was a discussion I had with my brother in our tiny bedroom in the family house in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
We had heard in school about a planet called Pluto. It was the farthest, coldest, and darkest thing a child could imagine Pluto, which famously was downgraded from a 'major planet' to a 'dwarf planet' (矮行星) in 2006， captured our imagination because it was a mystery that could complete our picture of what it was like at the most remote corners of our solar system.
Plutos underdog discovery story is part of what makes it so attractive…
Pluto is much more than something that is not a planet. Its a reminder that there are many worlds out there beyond our own and that the sky isnt the limit at all. We dont know what kinds of fantastic variations on a theme nature is capable of making until we get there to look.
6.What can be a suitable title for the text？
A. Plutos Romance
B. Pluto was First Discovered by a Boy
C. An American Scientist: Clyde Tombaugh
D.The Days I Spent with My Brother in Pennsylvania
【分析】A 考查標(biāo)題判斷。根據(jù)文章的整體內(nèi)容并結(jié)合文中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞'Pluto'可推知，本文主要介紹了冥王星被發(fā)現(xiàn)的過(guò)程以及對(duì)人類的意義，故'冥王星的傳奇故事'適合作文章的標(biāo)題。
（二）找語(yǔ)篇主題段
很多語(yǔ)篇都有一個(gè)具體的主題，該主題常暗含于主題段中。分析、把握好主題段有利于解答主旨大意題。主題段一般位于篇首，有時(shí)是第二段，有時(shí)是第三段。對(duì)主題段的考查多是主旨大意題。
【典例2】Chinas admiration of outstanding scholars has turned the well\|preserved childhood home of Tu Youyou, the Chinese pharmacologist(藥理學(xué)家) who won Nobel Prize in Physiology(生理學(xué)) or Medicine, into a popular tourist destination.
31.What is the main idea of the text?
A. Tu Youyous former home is for sale.
B. More Chinese have won the Nobel Prize.
C. Nobel Prize winners home becomes an instant attraction.
D. Children benefit from visiting Nobel Prize winners home.
【分析】C考查主旨大意。文章第一段開(kāi)篇點(diǎn)題，由此可推知，本文主要講的是諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者的故居備受人們追捧，成為新的旅游景點(diǎn)。
（三）找段落主題句
很多語(yǔ)篇的段落都有主題句，后面以支撐句加以詳細(xì)敘述、說(shuō)明或論證。解答該類題的關(guān)鍵就在于把握段落的主題句。
(1)主題句位于段首
【典例3】For those who make journeys across the world, the speed of travel today has turned the countries into a series of villages．Distances between them appear no greater to a modern traveler than those which once faced men as they walked from village to village. Jet planes fly people from one end of the earth to the other, allowing them a freedom of movement undreamt of a hundred years ago.
23.What does the writer try to express in Paragraph 1?
A.Travel by plane has speeded up the growth of villages．
B.The speed of modern travel has made distances relatively short．
C.The freedom of movement has helped people realize their dreams．
D.Man has been fond of travelling rather than staying in one place.
【分析】B 考查段落大意。該段第一句為主題句，與B項(xiàng)內(nèi)容相符，第二、三句為支撐句，論證主題句'現(xiàn)代旅游的速度縮短了國(guó)與國(guó)之間的距離'。
(2)主題句位于段中
【典例4】All over the world, researchers are racing against the clock to figure out how best to feed more people in a fastchanging world. And some surprising ideas have begun to come up. Two years ago, scientists introduced the first burger made from meat grown in a lab. The project cost more than ＄300,000, but its a start. Other researchers are developing seeds that can survive high temperatures and drought. Still others are finding ways to improve the genes of meat animals so they produce more meat and can stand the heat.
30.What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 4?
A. New ways of farming.
B. Some great researchers.
C. Progress in food research.
D. Achievements in lab experiments.
【分析】C 考查段落大意。根據(jù)第四段的第二句'And some surprising ideas have begun to come up '并結(jié)合本段的整體內(nèi)容可推知，本段主要講述的是食物研究方面的進(jìn)步。
(3)主題句位于段末
【典例5】Some fish seem to be capable of adapting rapidly to climate change. In fact, they might even boom in the warmer oceans of the future, growing bigger and healthier than they can at presentday temperatures. Evidence gathered over the past decade has suggested that climate change will force fish to migrate to cooler waters, or else face extinction. Signs of such migration have already been seen. But recent studies have shown that some fish are able to adapt to warmer waters over a few generations.
32.The main idea of the first paragraph is that
A. some fish can adjust to warmer waters
B. some fish can grow bigger at present day temperatures
C. some fish may die out in cooler waters
D. big fish can survive the temperature change
【分析】A 考查段落大意。根據(jù)文章第一段的最后一句'But recent studies have shown that some fish are able to adapt to warmer waters over a few generations'可知，最近的研究表明一些魚(yú)將來(lái)會(huì)適應(yīng)更溫暖的水域,故選A。
（四）分析語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)
高考英語(yǔ)試卷中的語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，不同體裁、不同寫(xiě)作意圖的語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)迥異。根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)可了解敘述的過(guò)程、說(shuō)明的用途、議論的主題等，從而正確地確定標(biāo)題及語(yǔ)篇大意。
聯(lián)系客服
