二、過去完成時

（一）定義

表示過去某一時間或動作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作，即“過去的過去”。如：

He was proud of what he had done. （他因自己所作的事感到自豪。）

上句中的was proud已經(jīng)是過去的動作，而他所做的事情又發(fā)生在感到自豪之前，所以是“過去的過去”，要用過去完成時，即had done。

（二）基本結(jié)構(gòu)

過去完成時的句子結(jié)構(gòu)一般為：

主語+had+過去分詞（done）+其他成分

如：

After I had read it I was filled with horror. （我讀完它之後，心里充滿了恐怖。）
By the age of 10 he had learned to play the piano for five years. （他在10歲的時候，已經(jīng)學(xué)了五年的鋼琴。）

（三）主要用法

1、表示在過去某一時刻或動作以前完成了的動作。如：

When the horse had finished the race, its sides were wet with foam. （這匹馬結(jié)束比賽時，脊背被汗水濕透了。）
I found your coat after you had left the house. （你離開房子之后，我發(fā)現(xiàn)了你的外衣。）

2、表示由過去的某一時刻開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作或狀態(tài)。如：

Up to the sixties he had lived the life of a young man. （一直到60多歲，他還過著青年人的生活。）
When he had stayed here for two or three days he began to feel at home. （他在這兒住了兩三天，才覺得沒有什么拘束。）

（四）標(biāo)志性詞語

過去完成時常見的標(biāo)志性時間狀語主要有：

1、by the end of+過去時間

By the end of last year, we had solved more than 100 problems. （到去年年底，我們已經(jīng)解決了100多個問題。）

2、by the time+從句（動作發(fā)生在過去）

By the time she left the city, she had used up all her savings. （到她離開這個城市的時候，她的存款已全部用完。）

3、by (the time of)+過去時間

He had taught maths for four years by last July. （到上個七月為止，他已經(jīng)教了四年數(shù)學(xué)了。）

4、before+過去時間

He had never ridden a horse before last month. （到上個月以前他從來沒有騎過馬。）

（五）“過去的過去”的常見情況

1、賓語從句中

當(dāng)賓語從句的主句采用一般過去時，且從句的動作先于主句的動作時，從句要用過去完成時。這種情況多見于間接引語的用法里，其主句的謂語動詞常見的有told、said、knew、heard、thought、asked等。如：

The accused man said he had been framed. （被告說他受人陷害了。）
He told me that he had met her the night before. （他告訴我他曾在那前一天晚上見過她。）
He asked her what she really had meant. （他問她究竟是什么意思。）

2、狀語從句中

在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動作如果先后發(fā)生，動作在前的，要用過去完成時，動作在后的要用一般過去時。如：

The land came in sight after we had sailed for ten days. （我們在海上航行了十天，終于看見了陸地。）
If she had said that, she told a real whopper. （要是她那么說的，她就是說了個大瞎話。）
I remained up because my uncle had come to see me. （因為我叔叔來看我，所以我一直沒有睡。）
Everything fell out as we had anticipated. （一切結(jié)果正如我們所預(yù)料的那樣。）

3、特殊動詞后

英語中有hope、wish、expect、think、intend、mean、suppose等表意向、想法、愿望、建議等的動詞，采用過去完成時，可以表示"原本…"，其后經(jīng)常會接由but引導(dǎo)的句子，而該句的謂語動詞一般采用一般過去時。如：

He had hoped to set a new world record, but was frustrated by bad weather. （他本希望能創(chuàng)造新的世界紀(jì)錄，但因天氣惡劣而未果。）
He had thought that he was qualified as a judge. （他曾一度認(rèn)為他有資格作一位法官。）
I had intended to make a cake, but I ran out of time. （我原想做個蛋糕，但沒有時間。）
We had supposed that we would be able to see more of Shanghai, but time didn't permit. （我們本打算能多看看上海,但時間卻不允許了。）

（六）句型轉(zhuǎn)換

因為“had done”中的was/were是助動詞，所以在進行句型轉(zhuǎn)換中要注意不需要再另外借助助動詞do/did/does，而是直接借用had。如：

肯定句：He had worked here for a good many years. （他在這里工作了很多年了。）
否定句：He hadn't worked here for a good many years.
一般疑問句：Had he worked here for a good many years?
特殊疑問句：How long had he worked here? （劃線部分為a good many years）