英語中的時態(tài)(tense)是一種動詞形式,主要是用來表示在不同時間、以不同方式發(fā)生的動作、狀態(tài)或行為。
根據(jù)動作發(fā)生的時間和方式的不同,英語里總共分了16種時態(tài)。請看下表:
以上海地區(qū)為例,在以上16種時態(tài)中,對于中小學生來說,紅體標示出來的時態(tài)相對不常用,也很少會考到。所以,他們主要需要學習和掌握的時態(tài)就是黑體部分的10種時態(tài)。
一般現(xiàn)在時
現(xiàn)在進行時
一般將來時
一般過去時
一般現(xiàn)在時
現(xiàn)在進行時
一般將來時
一般過去時
現(xiàn)在完成時
過去進行時
過去完成時
過去將來時
一般現(xiàn)在時
現(xiàn)在進行時
一般將來時
一般過去時
現(xiàn)在完成時
過去進行時
過去完成時
過去將來時
現(xiàn)在完成進行時
將來進行時
雖然上海市中小學英語的課程標準里規(guī)定的需要掌握的高中段的時態(tài)中包含有現(xiàn)在完成進行時,卻沒有將來完成時,但其實將來完成時相比較而言,也是較為常用的。
所以,在接下來的分享中,我將跟大家分享包括考綱之外但較為常用的將來完成時在內(nèi)的11種時態(tài)。今天就先從一般現(xiàn)在時開始。
一般現(xiàn)在時主要用來表示經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作,或者是現(xiàn)在的特征或所處的狀態(tài)。如:
He often goes to school on foot every morning.
She is at work now.
They are primary school students.
從謂語動詞的分類來看,一般現(xiàn)在時的基本結(jié)構(gòu)主要分三種情況,即:
其中的be,會隨著主語的不同,有am/is/are的變化。am的主語是I,is的主語是第三人稱單數(shù),are的主語是第一人稱復數(shù)、第二人稱的單數(shù)和復數(shù)、第三人稱的復數(shù)。如:
I am ten years old.
He is in the classroom.
They are in the zoo at the moment.
其中,動詞do的主語為第一人稱的單數(shù)和復數(shù)、第二人稱的單數(shù)和復數(shù)、第三人稱的復數(shù),does的主語為第三人稱的單數(shù)。如:
We always stay up late on Saturday.
You often forget to bring your textbooks with you.
She likes apples very much.
此時,情態(tài)動詞采用的是現(xiàn)在形式,后面的動詞都采用原形。如:
She can be a good teacher in the future.
I must leave for the party now.
動詞的第三人稱單數(shù),簡稱三單,是在使用一般現(xiàn)在時中最容易出錯的地方。這與漢語的主謂成分在數(shù)上沒有一致性要求有很大關(guān)系。
動詞三單常見的變化規(guī)則有:
如:works、plays、sweeps。
如:washes、fixes、watches、focuses、kisses。
如:goes、does、vetoes(否決)。
如:studies、flies、dries。
如:have的三單形式為has。
The book is on the desk.
I am very busy.
She is our English teacher.
His father is a doctor.
The dog often barks at strangers.
He is bad-tempered.
The cat can see well in the darkness.
He is good at swimming.
Mary comes from Britain.
He is a Chinese.
Jack sometimes goes hiking by himself on weekends.
They usually visit museums in their spare time.
She likes reading novels very much.
I want a cup of tea.
It is sunny today.
It often rains a lot in spring in Shanghai.
Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.
The sun rises from the east and sets in the west.
這類用法一般只限于start、begin、leave、go、come、arrive、return、take place等。 如:
The train leaves at four tomorrow afternoon.
She comes back home tonight.
If he comes, I will tell him about it.
When the plane arrives, she will meet him herself.
Pride goes before a fall. (驕必敗。)
Time is money. (時間就是金錢。)
1) 用于某些動詞(tell、say、hear、learn等)表示不確定的過去時間。如:
She tells me Jack will come tomorrow. (她告訴我杰克明天要來。)
I hear that he won the first prize in the competiton last week. (我聽說他在上周的比賽中得了第一名。 )
2)當要陳述一個客觀事實時,有時即使有過去時間狀語也可用一般現(xiàn)在時。如:
The story is set in the summer of 1937. (故事的背景是1937年夏天。)
The story begins in the year 1937. (故事開始于1937年。)
按照頻度高低,常見的頻度副詞如下:
always
usually
often
sometimes
seldom
never
every day/week/month/year
in the morning/afternoon/evening
at noon/night
此時,如果是要轉(zhuǎn)換為否定句,則直接在be動詞或情態(tài)動詞后加not。如:
He can drive a car.
He cannot (或can't) drive a car.
She is on the playground.
She is not (或isn't) on the playground.
如果要轉(zhuǎn)換為一般疑問句或?qū)澗€部分提問,則直接把be動詞或情態(tài)動詞提到句首即可。如:
He can drive a car.
Can he drive a car? Yes, he can. / No, he can't.
What can he drive? (提問a car)
She is on the playground.
Is she on the playground. Yes, she is. / No, she isn't.
Where is she? (提問on the playground)
此時,如果是要轉(zhuǎn)換為否定句,需要借助助動詞do/does,在后面加not,同時原有的動詞要恢復原形。如:
He often goes to work by car every day.
He doesn't often go to work by car every day.
如果要轉(zhuǎn)換為一般疑問句或?qū)澗€部分提問,需要借助助動詞do/does,提到句首,原有動詞要恢復原形。如:
She seldom goes hiking on her own.
Does she seldom go hiking on her own? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.
What does she seldom do on her own? (提問goes hiking)
1、如果原句的主語為第一人稱,變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧浠驅(qū)澗€部分提問時,要改為第二人稱。如:
I often have English classes on Friday.
Do you often have English classes on Friday? Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
What classes do you often have on Friday? (提問English)
2、如果原句中含有some,變?yōu)榉穸ň浠蛞蓡柧鋾r,一般要改為any。如:
There are some oranges on the plate.
There aren't any oranges on the plate.
Are there any oranges on the plate? Yes, there are. / No, there aren't.
Where are there any oranges? (提問on the plate)
大家一起來找茬,看看下面的10個句子都錯在哪:
【正確答案】
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