演說者：Andrew Youn
演說題目：我們能戰(zhàn)勝貧窮的三個原因
全球一半的窮人都有一個共通點：他們都是小農(nóng)。Andrew Youn在這場啟發(fā)性演講中，談到他的組織「一畝金（One Acre Fund）」如何在全世界提供維持生計的農(nóng)場服務，幫助農(nóng)夫脫離貧窮。演講始于我們認為饑餓與赤貧問題不可解，但最終會對此全球大問題的規(guī)模產(chǎn)生新的認識。
0:12
I've been living in rural East Africa for about 10 years, and I want to share a field perspective with you on global poverty. I believe that the greatest failure of the human race is the fact that we've left more than one billion of our members behind. Hungry, extreme poverty: these often seem like gigantic, insurmountable problems, too big to solve. But as a field practitioner, I believe these are actually very solvable problems if we just take the right strategies.
0:41
Archimedes was an ancient Greek thinker, and he taught us that if we lean on the right levers, we can move the world. In the fight against extreme poverty, I believe there are three powerful levers that we can lean on. This talk is all about those levers, and why they make poverty a winnable fight in our lifetimes.
0:58
What is extreme poverty? When I first moved to rural East Africa, I stayed overnight with a farm family. They were wonderful people. They invited me into their home. We sang songs together and ate a simple dinner. They gave me a blanket to sleep on the floor. In the morning, however, there was nothing to eat. And then at lunchtime, I watched with an increasingly sick feeling as the eldest girl in the family cooked porridge as a substitute for lunch. For that meal, every child drank one cup to survive. And I cannot tell you how ashamed I felt when they handed one of those cups to me, and I knew I had to accept their hospitality.
1:37
Children need food not only to survive but also to grow physically and mentally. Every day they fail to eat, they lose a little bit of their future. Amongst the extreme poor, one in three children are permanently stunted from a lifetime of not eating enough. When that's combined with poor access to health care, one in 10 extremely poor children die before they reach age five. And only one quarter of children complete high school because they lack school fees. Hunger and extreme poverty curb human potential in every possible way. We see ourselves as a thinking, feeling and moral human race, but until we solve these problems for all of our members, we fail that standard, because every person on this planet matters. This child matters. These children matter. This girl matters.
2:31
You know, we see things like this, and we're upset by them, but they seem like such big problems. We don't know how to take effective action. But remember our friend Archimedes. Global poverty has powerful levers. It's a problem like any other. I live and work in the field, and as a practitioner, I believe these are very solvable problems. So for the next 10 minutes, let's not be sad about the state of the world. Let's engage our brains. Let's engage our collective passion for problem-solving and figure out what those levers are.
3:03
Lever number one: most of the world's poor are farmers. Think about how extraordinary this is. If this picture represents the world's poor, then more than half engage in farming as a major source of income. This gets me really excited. All of these people, one profession. Think how powerful this is. When farmers become more productive, then more than half the world's poor earn more money and climb out of poverty. And it gets better. The product of farming is, of course, food. So when farmers become more productive, they earn more food, and they don't just help themselves, but they help to feed healthy communities and thriving economies. And when farmers become more productive, they reduce environmental pressure. We only have two ways we can feed the world: we can either make our existing farmland a lot more productive, or we can clear cut forest and savannah to make more farmland, which would be environmentally disastrous. Farmers are basically a really important leverage point. When farmers become more productive, they earn more income, they climb out of poverty, they feed their communities and they reduce environmental land pressure. Farmers stand at the center of the world.
4:13
And not a farmer like this one, but rather this lady. Most of the farmers I know are actually women. Look at the strength and the will radiating from this woman. She is physically strong, mentally tough, and she will do whatever it takes to earn a better life for her children. If we're going to put the future of humanity in one person's hands, then I'm really glad it's her.
4:33
(Applause)
4:39
There's just one problem: many smallholder farmers lack access to basic tools and knowledge. Currently, they take a little bit of saved food grain from the prior year, they plant it in the ground and they till it with a manual hand hoe. These are tools and techniques that date to the Bronze Age, and it's why many farmers are still very poor.
4:59
But good news, again. Lever number two: humanity actually solved the problem of agricultural poverty a century ago. Let me walk you through the three most basic factors in farming. First, hybrid seed is created when you cross two seeds together. If you naturally pollinate a high-yielding variety together with a drought-resistant variety, you get a hybrid that inherits positive traits from both of its parents. Next, conventional fertilizer, if used responsibly, is environmentally sustainable. If you micro-dose just a pinch of fertilizer to a plant that's taller than I am, you unlock enormous yield gain. These are known as farm inputs. Farm inputs need to be combined with good practice. When you space your seeds and plant with massive amounts of compost, farmers multiply their harvests. These proven tools and practices have more than tripled agricultural productivity in every major region of the world, moving mass numbers of people out of poverty. We just haven't finished delivering these things to everybody just yet, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa.
6:04
So overall, this is amazing news. Humanity actually solved agricultural poverty a century ago, in theory. We just haven't delivered these things to everybody just yet. In this century, the reason that people remain poor is because maybe they live in remote places. They lack access to these things. Therefore, ending poverty is simply a matter of delivering proven goods and services to people. We don't need more genius types right now. The humble delivery guy is going to end global poverty in our lifetime.
6:37
So these are the three levers, and the most powerful lever is simply delivery. Wherever the world's companies, governments and nonprofits set up delivery networks for life-improving goods, we eliminate poverty.
6:51
OK, so that sounds really nice in theory, but what about in practice? What do these delivery networks look like? I want to share the concrete example that I know best, my organization, One Acre Fund. We only serve the farmer, and our job is to provide her with the tools that she needs to succeed. We start off by delivering farm inputs to really rural places. Now, this may appear initially very challenging, but it's pretty possible. Let me show you. We buy farm inputs with the combined power of our farmer network, and store it in 20 warehouses like this. Then, during input delivery, we rent hundreds of 10-ton trucks and send them out to where farmers are waiting in the field. They then get their individual orders and walk it home to their farms. It's kind of like Amazon for rural farmers. Importantly, realistic delivery also includes finance, a way to pay. Farmers pay us little by little over time, covering most of our expenses. And then we surround all that with training. Our rural field officers deliver practical, hands-on training to farmers in the field every two weeks.
7:54
Wherever we deliver our services, farmers use these tools to climb out of poverty. This is a farmer in our program, Consolata. Look at the pride on her face. She has achieved a modest prosperity that I believe is the human right of every hardworking person on the planet. Today, I'm proud to say that we're serving about 400,000 farmers like Consolata.
8:17
(Applause)
8:22
The key to doing this is scalable delivery. In any given area, we hire a rural field officer who delivers our services to 200 farmers, on average, with more than 1,000 people living in those families. Today, we have 2,000 of these rural field officers growing very quickly. This is our delivery army, and we're just one organization. There are many companies, governments and nonprofits that have delivery armies just like this. And I believe we stand at a moment in time where collectively, we are capable of delivering farm services to all farmers.
8:56
Let me show you how possible this is. This is a map of Sub-Saharan Africa, with a map of the United States for scale. I chose Sub-Saharan Africa because this is a huge delivery territory. It's very challenging. But we analyzed every 50-mile by 50-mile block on the continent, and we found that half of farmers live in just these shaded regions. That's a remarkably small area overall. If you were to lay these boxes next to each other within a map of the United States, they would only cover the Eastern United States. You can order pizza anywhere in this territory and it'll arrive to your house hot, fresh and delicious. If America can deliver pizza to an area of this size, then Africa's companies, governments and non-profits can deliver farm services to all of her farmers. This is possible.
9:47
I'm going to wrap up by generalizing beyond just farming. In every field of human development, humanity has already invented effective tools to end poverty. We just need to deliver them. So again, in every area of human development, super-smart people a long time ago invented inexpensive, highly effective tools. Humanity is armed to the teeth with simple, effective solutions to poverty. We just need to deliver these to a pretty small area. Again using the map of Sub-Saharan Africa as an example, remember that rural poverty is concentrated in these blue shaded areas. Urban poverty is even more concentrated, in these green little dots. Again, using a map of the United States for scale, this is what I would call a highly achievable delivery zone. In fact, for the first time in human history, we have a vast amount of delivery infrastructure available to us. The world's companies, governments and non-profits have delivery armies that are fully capable of covering this relatively small area. We just lack the will.
10:51
If we are willing, every one of us has a role to play. We first need more people to pursue careers in human development, especially if you live in a developing nation. We need more front line health workers, teachers, farmer trainers, sales agents for life-improving goods. These are the delivery people that dedicate their careers to improving the lives of others. But we also need a lot of support roles. These are roles available at just my organization alone, and we're just one out of many. This may surprise you, but no matter what your technical specialty, there is a role for you in this fight. And no matter how logistically possible it is to end poverty, we need a lot more resources. This is our number one constraint. For private investors, we need a big expansion of venture capital, private equity, working capital, available in emerging markets. But there are also limits to what private business can accomplish. Private businesses often struggle to profitably serve the extreme poor, so philanthropy still has a major role to play. Anybody can give, but we need more leadership. We need more visionary philanthropists and global leaders who will take problems in human development and lead humanity to wipe them off the face of the planet. If you're interested in these ideas, check out this website.
12:10
We need more leaders. Humanity has put people on the moon. We've invented supercomputers that fit into our pockets and connect us with anybody on the planet. We've run marathons at a five-minute mile pace. We are an exceptional people. But we've left more than one billion of our members behind. Until every girl like this one has an opportunity to earn her full human potential, we have failed to become a truly moral and just human race. Logistically speaking, it's incredibly possible to end extreme poverty. We just need to deliver proven goods and services to everybody. If we have the will, every one of us has a role to play. Let's deploy our time, our careers, our collective wealth. Let us deliver an end to extreme poverty in this lifetime.
13:02
Thank you.
13:04
(Applause)
0:12
我在東非鄉(xiāng)下住了大約十年， 我想跟大家從農(nóng)作的實務觀點 來談全球貧窮問題。 我相信人類最大的失敗， 就是把超過十億的同類 拋諸在後這個事實。 飢餓、赤貧： 這些常常被視為巨大、 難以克服的問題， 大到無法可解。 但是身為農(nóng)作實務工作者， 我相信這些都是 可以實際解決的問題， 只要我們用對策略。
0:41
阿基米德是古希臘思想家， 他教導我們，要是用對槓桿， 我們就能舉起地球。 要對抗赤貧，我相信我們可以用 三個有力的槓桿。 這場演講就是要談這三個槓桿， 以及為什麼這些方法 能讓我們在有生之年打贏貧窮之戰(zhàn)。
0:58
什麼是赤貧？ 我第一次搬到東非鄉(xiāng)下時， 我在某戶農(nóng)家度過一晚。 他們都是很好的人。 他們邀我到家裡。 我們一起唱了幾首歌， 吃了一頓簡便的晚餐。 他們給了我一條毯子， 讓我睡在地上。 但是到了早上，沒有東西可吃。 然後到了午餐時間， 我目睹了一場愈看愈難過的景象， 這戶人家的大女兒 煮了一鍋粥充當午餐。 每個孩子都喝一碗粥熬過那天。 他們分我一碗時， 我真的無法用言語形容 我那時有多羞愧， 而且我知道我必須接受他們的款待。
1:37
孩童需要食物不僅是為了生存， 還為了能讓身心都能成長。 不夠吃的每一天， 都在蠶食他們的未來。 在赤貧人口中，三分之一的孩子 因為一輩子都吃得太少 而永久發(fā)育不良。 再加上沒有醫(yī)療保健， 十分之一的赤貧孩童 會在五歲前死亡。 只有四分之一的孩童能念完中學， 因為他們沒錢繳學費。 飢餓與赤貧會百般抑制人類的潛能。 我們視自己為會思考、 會感覺、有道德的人類， 但是在我們?yōu)樽约旱耐?解決這些問題之前， 我們愧對於那個標準， 因為世上的每一個人都很重要。 這個孩子很重要。 這些孩童很重要。 這個女孩很重要。
2:31
你知道嗎，我們看到像這樣的事， 我們會很生氣， 但是問題好像太大了。 我們不知道該如何採取有效的行動。 但是請記得我們的朋友阿基米德。 解決全球貧窮的有力槓桿， 就像其他的問題一樣。 我在田間生活、工作， 身為實務工作者， 我相信這些是有辦法解決的問題。 所以接下來十分鐘， 我們不要為這世界的狀態(tài)難過。 讓我們動動大腦。 讓我們集思廣益， 用解決問題的熱情， 一同找出可用的槓桿。
3:03
槓桿一號：這世界最窮的人 絕大多數(shù)是農(nóng)夫。 想想這有多不尋常。 如果這張照片代表世界的窮人， 那麼有一半以上 是以農(nóng)耕當他們的主要收入。 這讓我非常興奮。 這麼多人，一種職業(yè)。 想想這力量有多大。 只要農(nóng)夫能更有生產(chǎn)力， 那麼全世界半數(shù)以上的窮人 就能賺更多錢，爬出貧窮的深淵。 更好的還在後面。 農(nóng)耕的產(chǎn)物當然是食物。 農(nóng)夫的生產(chǎn)力更好， 代表他們會賺更多的食物， 這樣不只是自助， 還能幫忙養(yǎng)活健康的社區(qū)， 讓經(jīng)濟繁榮。 農(nóng)夫的生產(chǎn)力更好， 就能減少對環(huán)境的壓力。 我們只有兩種方法可以餵飽世界： 要不是讓現(xiàn)有的農(nóng)地大幅增產(chǎn)， 就是繼續(xù)皆伐森林及疏林莽原 轉(zhuǎn)變成更多農(nóng)地， 對環(huán)境產(chǎn)生衝擊災難。 農(nóng)夫基本上 是非常重要的槓桿作用點。 農(nóng)夫的生產(chǎn)力更高， 就能賺更多收入，爬出貧窮深淵， 餵飽他們的社區(qū)， 減少對土地環(huán)境的壓力。 農(nóng)夫站在世界的中心。
4:13
農(nóng)夫都不像這樣， 反而比較像這位女士。 大部分我認識的農(nóng)夫都是婦女。 看看這位女士散發(fā)出的力量及意志。 她的身體強壯，心志剛強， 她會不惜一切給孩子更好的生活。 如果我們要將人類的未來 交在某人的手中， 那我真的很高興是交給她。
4:33
（掌聲）
4:39
只有一個問題： 許多小農(nóng)得不到基本的工具及知識。 目前，他們把一點 去年留下來的食物種子 種在土裡，而且用鋤頭犁地。 這是青銅時代留下來的農(nóng)作法， 這也是為什麼許多農(nóng)夫 仍然非常貧窮。
4:59
但是再說一次，這是好消息。 槓桿二號： 人類其實在一個世紀前 就解決了務農(nóng)貧困的問題。 讓我?guī)Т蠹铱匆幌?三個最基本的農(nóng)事因子。 第一，你將兩種種子雜交 就會產(chǎn)生雜交種子。 如果你讓高產(chǎn)量的品種 與抗旱品種自然授粉， 你就會得到從雙方遺傳到 好性狀的雜交種。 第二，負責地使用慣行肥料， 就是對環(huán)境的永續(xù)經(jīng)營。 只要施與微劑量的肥料， 比我還高的植物 也能有龐大的產(chǎn)量。 這些被稱為「農(nóng)場投入（資源）」。 農(nóng)場投入資源要與好的農(nóng)作法結(jié)合。 如果你撒種時留一定的間隔， 並且施與大量堆肥， 農(nóng)夫就能倍增收穫。 這些證實有效的工具及方法 已使世界各主要地區(qū) 農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量增加三倍， 使眾多百姓脫離貧窮。 我們只是還沒把這些方法 提供給所有人而已， 特別是下撒哈拉非洲的居民。
6:04
所以總體而言，這是非常好的消息。 理論上，人類早在一世紀前 就解決了務農(nóng)貧困的問題， 我們只是還沒把這些方法 提供給所有人而已。 這個世紀還有人貧窮的原因， 是因為他們可能住在偏遠地區(qū)， 他們拿不到這些東西。 因此，終結(jié)貧窮只要 把這些可靠的貨品及服務 送到他們手上就好。 我們現(xiàn)在不需要更多天才。 謙卑的送貨員就能在 我們有生之年終結(jié)全球貧窮。
6:37
所以這就是我說的三個槓桿， 而最有力的槓桿就是遞送。 無論公司、政府或非營利團體 在哪裡建立遞送網(wǎng)絡， 分發(fā)改善生活的貨品， 我們都能消滅貧窮。
6:51
好，所以這在理論上聽起來很不錯， 但是要如何實施？ 遞送網(wǎng)絡長什麼樣子？ 我想跟大家分享我最了解的實例， 就是我的組織， One Acre Fund（一畝金）。 我們只為農(nóng)夫服務， 我們的工作是提供 她所需的工具及種子。 我們從遞送農(nóng)場投入資源 到極偏僻的農(nóng)村開始。 乍看這很具挑戰(zhàn)性， 但這真的可行，我來說明一下。 我們向網(wǎng)絡內(nèi)的農(nóng)夫集資， 買進農(nóng)場投入資源 貯存在 20 間像這樣的倉庫裡。 然後，在遞送投入資源的期間， 我們會租幾百輛 10 噸大貨車， 派去農(nóng)夫等待的田間。 然後他們會取自己所訂的貨物， 帶回家拿到田裡。 這有點像給農(nóng)民用的亞馬遜。 很重要的是，實際可行的遞送服務 也包括財務，即付款的方式。 農(nóng)夫可以分期付款， 盡量打平我們絕大部分的支出。 然後我們提供訓練。 我們的農(nóng)村外勤人員， 提供實際的操作訓練 給在田間工作的農(nóng)夫， 每兩星期一次。
7:54
我們遞送服務可達的地方， 農(nóng)夫都用這些工具 脫離貧窮。 這位是參與我們計畫的農(nóng)民， 康莎拉塔。 看看她得意的樣子！ 她現(xiàn)在家境小康，已達到我認為 世界上每一位勤奮工作的人 都應該得到的人權。 今天，我可以很自豪地說我們服務了 約四十萬位像她這樣的農(nóng)民。
8:17
（掌聲）
8:22
做這件事的重點是可擴充式遞送。 我們在每一個服務地區(qū) 都僱用農(nóng)村外勤人員， 他們將我們的服務 提供給平均二百位農(nóng)夫， 超過一千人生活在這些家庭裡。 今天，我們有二千名農(nóng)村外勤人員， 成長非?？焖佟?這就是我們的遞送大軍， 而我們只是一個組織。 還有很多公司、政府及非營利組織 有像這樣的遞送大軍。 我相信我們正站在一個重要時刻， 我們能一起遞送農(nóng)村服務 給所有的農(nóng)夫。
8:56
讓我跟大家說明這要如何達成。 這是下撒哈拉非洲地圖， 旁邊是美國地圖做比例對照。 我選擇下撒哈拉非洲 因為這是非常廣大的遞送區(qū)。 非常具挑戰(zhàn)性。 但是我們把非陸畫成 50 平方哩的區(qū)塊來分析， 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)一半的農(nóng)夫 都住在這幾塊陰影區(qū)裡。 整體來看這是非常小的一塊區(qū)域。 如果你把這幾個區(qū)塊 在美國地圖內(nèi)一個接一個排起來， 只會蓋住美東地區(qū)。 在這片區(qū)域的任何地方， 你都能叫比薩外送， 然後香噴噴熱騰騰的 現(xiàn)做比薩就會送到你家。 如果美國能做到 在這樣大小的地區(qū)送比薩， 那非洲的公司、政府及非營利組織 也能做農(nóng)村遞送服務給所有的農(nóng)夫。 這是可行的。
9:47
我要擴大到農(nóng)業(yè)之外的面向來總結(jié)。 在人類發(fā)展的各個領域上， 人類都已經(jīng)發(fā)明了 有用的工具以終結(jié)貧窮。 我們只需要遞送工具。 所以讓我再說一次， 在各個人類發(fā)展領域， 都有超聰明的人在很久以前 發(fā)明了便宜、 超有用的工具。 人類早就準備好 以簡單有效的方案解決貧窮問題。 我們只需要把這些遞送到 很小的區(qū)域就可以了。 再拿下撒哈拉與美國地圖為例， 記得農(nóng)村貧窮 都集中在這幾塊藍色區(qū)域。 都市貧困更集中， 就在這幾個綠色小點上。 再用美國地圖做比例， 這就是我稱為極可能到達的遞送區(qū)。 事實上，這是有史以來 人類有如此大的遞送基礎建設可用。 全世界的公司、政府及非營利組織 都有遞送大軍能完全 涵蓋這塊相對小的區(qū)域。 我們只欠意願。
10:51
如果我們願意， 每一個人都有角色能參與。 首先我們需要更多人 追求人類發(fā)展這塊事業(yè)， 尤其是在發(fā)展中國家的人。 我們需要更多的一線醫(yī)療人員、 教師、農(nóng)村訓練人員， 及代理改善生活品質(zhì)貨物的業(yè)務員。 這些都是「遞送員」， 奉獻自己的事業(yè)來改善別人的生活。 但是我們也需要很多支援的角色。 單單在我的組織裡就有這樣的需求， 而我們只是組織之一。 這可能會讓你大吃一驚， 但是無論你的技術專長為何， 在這場戰(zhàn)役中 總有你可以扮演的角色。 不管物流如何終結(jié)貧窮， 我們還是需要更多資源。 這是我們的頭號限制。 對於民間投資人， 我們需要創(chuàng)投業(yè)者、 私募股權及流動資本 擴大投資在這個新興市場上。 但是民營企業(yè) 能達成的使命還是有限。 民營企業(yè)常?？嗫鄴暝?如何服務赤貧還能賺錢。 所以慈善事業(yè)仍然發(fā)揮主要功能。 任何人都可以施與， 但是我們需要更多領導角色。 我們需要有遠見的慈善家， 以及世界領袖， 能正視人類發(fā)展問題， 進而率領人類消滅全世界的貧窮。 如果你對這方面有興趣， 請看這個網(wǎng)頁。
12:10
我們需要更多領袖。 人類已經(jīng)登月。 我們也發(fā)明了超級電腦， 既能塞進口袋， 還能讓我們與世上任何人連結(jié)。 我們能以五分鐘 一哩的速度跑馬拉松。 我們是卓越的人。 我們卻把超過十億的同類 遠遠拋在後頭。 直到每個像這樣的女孩 都有機會 贏得她全部的潛力之前， 我們都稱不上是 有道德和有正義的人類。 從物流管理來看，真的極有可能 終結(jié)赤貧。 我們只需要遞送可靠的貨品及服務 給每一個人。 只要我們有意願， 我們每個人都能參與其中。 讓我們充分利用 我們的時間、我們的事業(yè) 及我們的集體財富。 讓我們遞送赤貧終結(jié)書， 在此生之中。
13:02
謝謝。
13:04
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