A.動(dòng)詞:將來(lái)動(dòng)作的表達(dá)法(be+ing)
be going to和will+動(dòng)詞的形式表示將來(lái)意義,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)也用來(lái)表示按計(jì)劃或按安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。這種結(jié)構(gòu)的只適用與一部分動(dòng)詞:go arrive come leave start stay return play do have work wear spend see meet等
B.直接引語(yǔ)與間接引語(yǔ)
1.陳述句
1>.人稱的變化
2>.時(shí)態(tài)的變化:除過(guò)去完成時(shí)不變外,所有時(shí)態(tài)均變?yōu)閷?duì)應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)
3>.指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞的變化:
this-that these-those now-then ago-before today-that day
yesterday-the day before tomorrow-the following day
the day after tomorrow-in two days’ time
come-go here-there the day before yesterday-two days earlier
直接引語(yǔ)如果是客觀真理,變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)不變;如果在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述的動(dòng)詞的變格也取消
2.祈使句:要將其詩(shī)句的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閹o的不定式,并在前面根據(jù)句意加上tell aks order等動(dòng)詞。如果是否定句則在前面加上not
3.疑問(wèn)句:把疑問(wèn)與需變成陳述句語(yǔ)序,人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和狀語(yǔ)也要作出相應(yīng)變化:
1>.一般疑問(wèn)句:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是say時(shí)要改為ask。原文句變成由連詞if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。沒(méi)有間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)可依照情況添加。
2>.特殊疑問(wèn)句:仍沿用原來(lái)疑問(wèn)句的引導(dǎo)詞
C.定語(yǔ)從句
1.that、which:在從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),who和whom則分別作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)
2.whose用作名詞的限定語(yǔ),既可以是限定性的也可以是非限定性的。它修飾的名詞作主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)
3.when在從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)where做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)why做原因狀語(yǔ);每個(gè)狀語(yǔ)連接詞的前面都可以依照情況添加介詞
A.定語(yǔ)從句
限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:限定性從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語(yǔ),寫時(shí)不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),當(dāng)作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)關(guān)系代詞常常省略;而非限定性從句是先行詞在意義上關(guān)系并不密切,寫時(shí)用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),不用that引導(dǎo)。關(guān)系代詞不可省略
*>.在口語(yǔ)中,限定性從句的時(shí)間地點(diǎn)詞后,關(guān)系副詞可以省略
關(guān)系副詞why引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞只有reason,why可以轉(zhuǎn)換for which,在口語(yǔ)中可用that或省略
how不能用作關(guān)系副詞,不用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾表示方法的定語(yǔ)從句可用in which引導(dǎo)
B.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(一般將來(lái)時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)句式構(gòu)成略)
只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),不及物動(dòng)詞加上介詞或副詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞。變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),短語(yǔ)介詞不能丟掉。
帶有雙賓語(yǔ)的句子變格時(shí)可將一個(gè)變成主語(yǔ),另一個(gè)仍保留在謂語(yǔ)后面。
帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子,賓補(bǔ)變成主補(bǔ),原句型中不帶to的不定式在轉(zhuǎn)換后必須加上
A.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,必須和不帶to的不定式連用。
1.can和could:表示能力、許可、可能性時(shí)。在口語(yǔ)中can可代替may表示許可,而may比較正式could可代替can,表示語(yǔ)氣較為婉轉(zhuǎn)。can和be able to都可以表示能力,但兩者的時(shí)態(tài)變換的局限性不同
2.may和might:表示許可或征詢對(duì)防汛可。用作此意時(shí)否定性是可以用may not,但表示不可以、禁止等意思指常用musn’t;表示可能性的時(shí)候,may/might+動(dòng)詞原形都可以表示,用might則語(yǔ)氣更加不肯定
3.must和have to:表示必須、應(yīng)該,否定形式musn’t表示不應(yīng)該、不準(zhǔn)、禁止等。在回答must的問(wèn)句是,否定是常用needn’t或don’t have to表示不必;have to表示不得不,但must則表示主觀看法,本詞強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀的看法
4.shall和should:在疑問(wèn)句中,shall征詢意見(jiàn),作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),表示勸告、建議
5.will和would:will表示意志、意愿。
6.ought:后加to的不定式。表示義務(wù)、要求,有時(shí)表示“非??赡堋?/p>
B.名詞性從句
1.賓語(yǔ)從句:that if whether/who whose what which/when where how why
2.表語(yǔ)從句:that whether if/who what which/when where how why
3.主語(yǔ)從句:that whether/who what which/when where how why
可用it作為句子主語(yǔ),把主語(yǔ)從句放在句末
4.同位語(yǔ)從句:that/how when where
A.主謂一致
1.保持人稱合數(shù)的一致
2.兩個(gè)名詞由and連接座主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù);不表示并列的意思、連接兩個(gè)意義上表示同一人或有兩個(gè)部件組成的物品時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);兩個(gè)并列的名詞有each every many等修飾詞等謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用單數(shù)
3.集體名詞group class family等做主語(yǔ)時(shí),數(shù)的情況依照修飾對(duì)象而定
4.不定代詞做主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)
5.代詞none和neither數(shù)的情況也看說(shuō)話人的情況而定。但是代表不可數(shù)名詞是只能看作單數(shù);neither作形容詞是與單數(shù)名詞連用,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
6.由or either-or neither-nor not-only連接和由there here引導(dǎo)的句子時(shí)采取就近原則。
7.當(dāng)后面接說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的修飾語(yǔ),如with/along with/together with/as well as/like/rather than/but/except/besides/including/in addtion to等時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不受修飾成分的限制,仍與主語(yǔ)保持一致
B.動(dòng)詞ing形式(非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞略)
C.構(gòu)詞法
1 2.合成 轉(zhuǎn)化(略)
3.派生
1>.前綴:dis- un- in- im- non- mis- re- en- multi- tele- kilo-
2>.后綴:-able –al –an- -er –ess –ese –ist –ian –ism –ment –ness –tion –ship –fy –en –ing –ize –dom –th –teen –ty –y –ish –ful –less –ive –ly –ward
A.虛擬語(yǔ)氣
1.在if條件從句的用法
1>.表示現(xiàn)在情況:would+原形 +if somebody+過(guò)去式
2>.表示過(guò)去情況:would have+過(guò)去分詞 +if somebody had+過(guò)去分詞
3>.表示未來(lái)情況:would+原形 +if somebody+should原形/were to原形/過(guò)去式
條件從句有時(shí)不表示出來(lái),只暗含在上下文或短語(yǔ)中
2.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在賓從中的用法
1>.在wish后的賓從中,謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在的情況,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去的情況,用would could might+原形表示將來(lái)的情況
2>.在would rather后的賓從中,謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去的情況
3>.在demand suggest order propose request command insist等次后面的賓從中,謂語(yǔ)用should+原形表示愿望、建議、命令、請(qǐng)求等,而should可以省略
3.虛擬語(yǔ)氣還可以在主、表、同位語(yǔ)從句中運(yùn)用,從句的謂語(yǔ)由“should+原形”或之用動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成
4.虛擬語(yǔ)氣還可用來(lái)表示祝愿、詛咒、禁止等
B.it的用法
1.代詞
1>.用作人稱代詞,代替前文的事物
2>.代替this that
3>.用作非人稱代詞,表示時(shí)間 日期 地點(diǎn)等狀語(yǔ)成分
2.引導(dǎo)詞
1>.用形式主、賓語(yǔ)代替非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或從句表示真正主語(yǔ)
2>.用在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中,對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)成分加以強(qiáng)調(diào)。It is+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that+其他成分。用在人時(shí)that也可用who替代
It十兄弟
1.It is reported that China is more and more powerful day by day.主
As is reported, China is more and more powerful day by day.定
China is more and more powerful day by day, as/which is reported.定
2.It was the first time that we had visited your company.主
It was for the first time that we visited your company.強(qiáng)
3.It was half past six when I got up.狀/It was at half past six that I got up.強(qiáng)
4.It is/has been three years since I joined the club.
It was three years since I had joined the club.做完之后
It was three years before I joined the club.過(guò)了時(shí)間
5.It is a pity that you can’t join us./There is no need for you to go there.
It is necessary for us to ask him./There is no necessity for us to ask him.
6.It was not until my mother came back that I went to bed.
Not until my mother came back did I go to bed.
I didn’t go to bed until my mother came back.
7.We think it important to learn a foreign language.
We think that it is important to learn a foreign language.
8.It’s foolish of us to cheat you.
It’s very important for us to keep the balance of nature.
9.It’s strange that he should finish the work in 3 days.
It’s possible that he can finish the work in 3 days.
10.It’s said that the teachers are having a meeting.
The teachers are said to be having a meeting.
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