關(guān)于“最低油量”和“緊急油量”,一直存在不同理解,網(wǎng)上的一些解讀不盡清晰,甚至存在一些錯(cuò)誤概念。至于搞不清“最低油量”和“緊急油量”的規(guī)定有多危險(xiǎn)?看看這個(gè)事故就知道了——《燃油耗盡?LMI 2933失事航班跟蹤》
小e把“最低油量”和“緊急油量”相關(guān)依據(jù)貼出來(lái),附上e起飛技術(shù)交流群里群友的精彩觀點(diǎn),希望一文以解惑。
【基本概念】
1、最低油量——MINIMUM FUEL
按照ICAO最新的附件6的解釋,最低油量 MINIMUM FUEL是指:
“4.3.7.2.2 在前往某一特定機(jī)場(chǎng)過(guò)程中,如果機(jī)長(zhǎng)經(jīng)過(guò)計(jì)算發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)ATC現(xiàn)有指令的任何更改將會(huì)導(dǎo)致飛機(jī)低于計(jì)劃的最終備份油量著陸,那么機(jī)長(zhǎng)應(yīng)該宣布“最低油量”狀態(tài)。
注1—— 宣布最低油量意味著告知ATC所有計(jì)劃的機(jī)場(chǎng)選項(xiàng)被減少到特定目標(biāo)著陸機(jī)場(chǎng),并且對(duì)于現(xiàn)有指令的任何更改可能導(dǎo)致飛機(jī)低于計(jì)劃的最終備份油量著陸。這不是一個(gè)緊急情況,但是是一個(gè)信號(hào)——即如果任何附加的延誤發(fā)生則緊急情況可能產(chǎn)生。
注2——最低油量的宣布指引見(jiàn)《燃油計(jì)劃手冊(cè)》(Doc 9976)”
4.3.7.2.2 The pilot-in-command shall advise ATC of a minimum fuel state by declaring MINIMUM FUEL when, having committed to land at a specific aerodrome, the pilot calculates that any change to the existing clearance to that aerodrome may result in landing with less than planned final reserve fuel.
Note 1.— The declaration of MINIMUM FUEL informs ATC that all planned aerodrome options have been reduced to a specific aerodrome of intended landing and any change to the existing clearance may result in landing with less than planned final reserve fuel. This is not an emergency situation but an indication that an emergency situation is possible should any additional delay occur.
Note 2.— Guidance on declaring minimum fuel is contained in the Fuel Planning Manual (Doc 9976).
需要注意的是,飛行員不能期望通過(guò)宣布“最低油量”獲得任何形式的優(yōu)先權(quán)。但是,ATC將告知飛行機(jī)組任何額外的預(yù)計(jì)延誤,并在移交飛機(jī)管制權(quán)時(shí)通知其他ATC單位以確保其知曉該航班的油量狀態(tài)。
2、緊急油量——EMERGENCY FUEL or MAYDAY FUEL
按照ICAO最新的附件6的解釋,緊急油量 EMERGENCY FUEL是指:
“4.3.7.2.3 當(dāng)計(jì)算的預(yù)計(jì)在最近機(jī)場(chǎng)安全著陸的落地剩油低于最終備份油量時(shí),機(jī)長(zhǎng)應(yīng)以MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY,FUEL的形式宣布緊急油量狀況。
注1:計(jì)劃的最終備份油量是指在4.3.6.3 e)1)或2)中計(jì)算的值,是在任何機(jī)場(chǎng)著陸時(shí)所需的最低油量。
注2 - “MAYDAY FUEL”一詞描述了附件10第二卷5.3.2.1,b)3所要求的遇險(xiǎn)條件的性質(zhì)。
注3:關(guān)于飛行中燃料管理程序的指導(dǎo)材料載于見(jiàn)《燃油計(jì)劃手冊(cè)》(Doc 9976)”
4.3.7.2.3 The pilot-in-command shall declare a situation of fuel emergency by broadcasting MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY,FUEL, when the calculated usable fuel predicted to be available upon landing at the nearest aerodrome where a safe landing can be made is less than the planned final reserve fuel.
Note 1.— The planned final reserve fuel refers to the value calculated in 4.3.6.3 e) 1) or 2) and is the minimum amount of fuel required upon landing at any aerodrome.
Note 2.— The words “MAYDAY FUEL” describe the nature of the distress conditions as required in Annex 10, Volume II,5.3.2.1, b) 3.
Note 3.— Guidance on procedures for in-flight fuel management are contained in the Fuel Planning Manual (Doc 9976).
3、最終備份油量——final reserve fuel
4.3.6.3 對(duì)于噴氣飛機(jī),最終備份油量是指在考慮到規(guī)定的燃油油量指示系統(tǒng)誤差后,能以等待空速在高于機(jī)場(chǎng)標(biāo)高450 米(1500 英尺)的高度上飛行30 分鐘的油量。
4.3.6.3 Final reserve fuel, which shall be the amount of fuel calculated using the estimated mass on arrival at the destination alternate aerodrome or the destination aerodrome, when no destination alternate aerodrome is required:
...
2) for a turbine engine aeroplane, the amount of fuel required to fly for 30 minutes at holding speed at 450 m (1 500 ft) above aerodrome elevation in standard conditions;
這個(gè)油量由各公司以具體數(shù)值公斤/磅發(fā)布在各公司的運(yùn)行手冊(cè)里,根據(jù)機(jī)型不同而不同。以常見(jiàn)的B737和A320機(jī)型為例,最終備份油量約為1200kg(A321為1500kg)。
小結(jié)一下,對(duì)于飛行員來(lái)說(shuō),可以分為簡(jiǎn)單的3步:
需要注意的是,最低油量 MINIMUM FUEL里所說(shuō)的特定機(jī)場(chǎng)并不一定指的是飛行計(jì)劃列明的目的地機(jī)場(chǎng),而是所有機(jī)組選擇來(lái)降落的機(jī)場(chǎng)。
比如機(jī)組執(zhí)行“廣州-北京”航班,機(jī)組空中發(fā)現(xiàn)在北京落地時(shí)油量已經(jīng)小于機(jī)型的“最終備份油量”,這時(shí):
如果機(jī)組依然決定前往北京,則應(yīng)宣布“最低油量”
如果機(jī)組選擇中途備降武漢,則不必宣布“最低油量”。
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