短文改錯(cuò)題目前仍是全國(guó)卷高考英語試題的必考題之一。此題型并非難題，但得分率不高。下面讓我們來認(rèn)識(shí)一下“短文改錯(cuò)”的六個(gè)特點(diǎn)：
1. 一般都是內(nèi)容較為淺顯的記敘文；
2. 一般每行8-12詞，共計(jì)120詞左右；
3. 多數(shù)情況下，正確項(xiàng)1處；多詞、少詞項(xiàng)2-3處；錯(cuò)詞項(xiàng)6-7處；
4. 短文改錯(cuò)題中的錯(cuò)誤分為語法錯(cuò)誤和邏輯錯(cuò)誤兩種；
5. 短文改錯(cuò)題的錯(cuò)誤大都出現(xiàn)在句子表層，并不難發(fā)現(xiàn)。涉及段落上下文的，較難的錯(cuò)誤多保持在3處以內(nèi)，較難的一般是行文邏輯方面的錯(cuò)誤；
6. 1999年之前的高考短文改錯(cuò)題中的句子相對(duì)比較簡(jiǎn)單，多為簡(jiǎn)單句或并列句。2000年之后短文改錯(cuò)題中的句子相對(duì)比較復(fù)雜，較長(zhǎng)的復(fù)合句相對(duì)較多。
筆者歸納總結(jié)出對(duì)付“短文改錯(cuò)”題的九個(gè)有效手段，以幫助同學(xué)們逐步培養(yǎng)起判斷、發(fā)現(xiàn)、糾正語篇中語言錯(cuò)誤的能力。
I． 發(fā)現(xiàn)有平行結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要檢查是否有詞性錯(cuò)誤（指應(yīng)該用動(dòng)詞、名詞還是形容詞，以及平行結(jié)構(gòu)中的詞的正確形式等）。例如：
1. The doctor suggested plenty of food, rest and exercising.
此句中并列的平行結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是三個(gè)語法結(jié)構(gòu)上相同的名詞賓語，而exercising用了-ing形式，應(yīng)當(dāng)將其改為exercise。
2. He, like his parents, likes growing flowers and to watch growth of them.
此句中并列的平行結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是兩個(gè)語法結(jié)構(gòu)上相同的賓語，所以應(yīng)當(dāng)把to watch改為 watching。
II. 發(fā)現(xiàn)有比較結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要檢查是否有形容詞、副詞的級(jí)，程度副詞，比較的對(duì)象以及冠詞方面的錯(cuò)誤。例如：
1. People in the modern world generally live much more longer than people in the past.
該句中比較級(jí)形式重復(fù)，應(yīng)去掉more。
2. There are more trees in villages than cities.
該句中比較對(duì)象應(yīng)當(dāng)是“in villages”與“in cities”, 所以應(yīng)當(dāng)在cities前面加上in。
3. In some places you can borrow many books as you want. (NMET 1994)
根據(jù)上下文不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，該句是含有“as．．． as”比較結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，所以應(yīng)當(dāng)在many前加上as。
III. 發(fā)現(xiàn)有轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、對(duì)比等結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要檢查是否有行文邏輯方面的錯(cuò)誤。 例如：
1. His company publishes books and he buys books all over the world.
按行文邏輯應(yīng)當(dāng)把buys改為sells才對(duì)。
2. I am trying to improve the situation since it doesn’t seem to work. (NMET 2004 I)
這里是轉(zhuǎn)折而不是因果關(guān)系，所以應(yīng)當(dāng)把since改為but。
IV. 有多重結(jié)構(gòu)句時(shí)，要檢查是否有時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、引導(dǎo)詞或成分短缺錯(cuò)誤。例如：
1. Tom asks Mary if she knows the man is speaking to her.
該句犯了多詞或少詞的錯(cuò)誤，應(yīng)當(dāng)在is前加上who或者去掉is。
2. He lives in Beijing, where is the capital of China.
在這個(gè)非限制性定語從句中，引導(dǎo)詞作主語，所以應(yīng)當(dāng)把where改為which。
3. Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class, (NMET 2004 I)
整篇短文談的是現(xiàn)在的事，所以應(yīng)當(dāng)把talked改為talk。
V. 有名詞、代詞時(shí)，要檢查是否有數(shù)、格或指代不一致的錯(cuò)誤。例如：
1. Different people speak different language.
應(yīng)當(dāng)把language改為languages。
2. Some people read the books or watch TV, while others have sports.
這里顯然是一個(gè)指代不一致的錯(cuò)誤，應(yīng)當(dāng)去掉the。
3. What a lovely weather we are having today!
weather為不可數(shù)名詞，應(yīng)去掉a。
VI. 發(fā)現(xiàn)并列主語，從句、不定代詞、集合名詞、非謂語動(dòng)詞、時(shí)間、金錢等作主語，together with等引導(dǎo)的成分修飾主語時(shí)，要檢查是否有主謂不一致的錯(cuò)誤。例如：
1. Playing football not only makes us grow tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit.
not only與but also后成分的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)一致，故give應(yīng)改為gives。
2. She as well as her brothers are fond of studying English.
are應(yīng)當(dāng)改為is?！皢螖?shù)名詞＋with(together with, as well as, but等)＋其它名詞”作主語時(shí)，其謂語應(yīng)當(dāng)用單數(shù)。
3. About $2,000 have been spent in buying new dress for his beautiful wife this year.
have應(yīng)改為has?！癆bout $2,000”作為一筆錢，被視為一個(gè)整體，謂語必須用單數(shù)。
VII. 有固定短語、詞組時(shí)，要檢查副詞、介詞、冠詞是否使用錯(cuò)誤。例如：
1. Suddenly I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd.
catch sight of “看見”，所以要去掉a。
2. When he came back, he found someone had broken in his house.
break into “破門而入”，所以要把in改為into。
3. Can you tell me about what I should do? (NMET 2004 I)
tell后可以加雙賓語，所以應(yīng)當(dāng)把a(bǔ)bout去掉。
4. I’m sure they will laugh to me．．．(NMET 2004 I)
laugh at sb. “嘲笑某人”，所以應(yīng)當(dāng)把to改為at。
VIII. 發(fā)現(xiàn)有特殊動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要檢查是否有非謂語動(dòng)詞或虛擬語氣方面的錯(cuò)誤。例如：
1. Don’t forget taking your umbrella when you leave here.
forget, remember, regret等后跟-ing形式表示“已經(jīng)做過某事”；跟動(dòng)詞不定式的一般式表示“要做某事”。根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)當(dāng)把taking改為to take。
2. I suggested to go there with him after class.
suggest, advise, finish, mind, enjoy, require, practice, consider, miss, avoid, admit, delay, imagine, risk, keep, escape, resist等動(dòng)詞后要跟-ing形式作賓語。所以要把to go改為going。
3. He ordered that the work must be started at once.
order, demand, require, request, insist, propose, advise, suggest等動(dòng)詞后跟賓語從句時(shí)，賓語從句中的謂語要用“動(dòng)詞原形”或“should+動(dòng)詞原形”。所以要把must改為should或者把must去掉。
IX.發(fā)現(xiàn)有非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語、表語或定語時(shí)，要檢查是否有非謂語動(dòng)詞和邏輯主語不一致的錯(cuò)誤。例如:
The box is too heavy for the little boy to carry it.
該句型中不定式to carry邏輯上的賓語就是句子的主語，所以句中的it是多余的。
