短文改錯(cuò)解題思路和檢查原則
1. 句中各部分的結(jié)構(gòu)是否完整，特別是每個(gè)句子要有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞；
2. 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)；
3. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法；
4. 名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)、格的使用是否正確；
5. 定冠詞和不定冠詞的使用是否正確；
6. 代詞的格和性的使用是否正確無(wú)誤；
7. 定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞、副詞是否準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤；
8. 并列句中的并列連詞、主從復(fù)合句中的從屬連詞用的是否得當(dāng)。
短文改錯(cuò)解題四原則
1. 改動(dòng)以最少為原則；
2. 虛詞以添加或刪除為原則；
3. 實(shí)詞以改變?cè)~形為原則；
4. 以保持句子原意為原則。
短文改錯(cuò)解題步驟
1. 通讀全文，掌握大意；
2. 整句分析，逐行推敲；
3. 反復(fù)通讀，復(fù)查驗(yàn)證。
解題注意要點(diǎn)和能力培養(yǎng)
1. 核對(duì)錯(cuò)項(xiàng)時(shí)，若的確有一時(shí)難以改出的地方，可以參考所改動(dòng)項(xiàng)是否基本符合“1：1：8”的比例。即多一詞1個(gè)，缺詞1個(gè)，錯(cuò)詞8個(gè)。
2. 核對(duì)改正的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目是否重復(fù)。因?yàn)槎涛母腻e(cuò)往往覆蓋面廣，一般不會(huì)出現(xiàn)重復(fù)考查某個(gè)語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)的情況。
3. 核對(duì)答題符號(hào)是否規(guī)范，位置是否準(zhǔn)確，看看有無(wú)遺漏符號(hào)、忽略字母大小寫(xiě)和拼寫(xiě)等問(wèn)題。
短文改錯(cuò)常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤類(lèi)型
1. 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞錯(cuò)誤：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是歷年考試的重點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn)，常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞錯(cuò)誤類(lèi)型有①一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)錯(cuò)用；②and前后動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不一致；③主謂不一致；④缺少謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，特別是be動(dòng)詞；⑤第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式錯(cuò)用；⑥主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)錯(cuò)用。
例1：
They did not want me to do any work at home; they want me to devote all my time to my studies. (did改為do，錯(cuò)誤類(lèi)型屬于①)
例2：
As we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories. (visiting改為visited，錯(cuò)誤類(lèi)型屬于②)
例3：
One evening she told me that something happened when her parents was out. (was改為were，錯(cuò)誤類(lèi)型屬于③)
例4：
There will an important game next month. (will后加be，錯(cuò)誤類(lèi)型屬于④)
2. 名詞的常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤：單復(fù)數(shù)名詞錯(cuò)用，可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞錯(cuò)用。
例1：
I’ll get good marks in all my subject. (subject改為subjects)
例2：
Their word were a great encouragement to me. (word改為words)
例3：
Without enough knowledges, you can never teach well. (knowledges改為knowledge)
3. 冠詞錯(cuò)誤：誤用a和an（根據(jù)單詞的第一個(gè)音素來(lái)判定）；誤用a/an和the（固定搭配，或泛指、特指；多冠詞或少冠詞）
例1：
We may be one family and live under a same roof. (a改為the，the same是固定搭配)
例2：
As everyone knows, it’s famous mountain with all kinds of pants. (mountain是可數(shù)名詞需用冠詞，所以其前加a)
例3：
I hope you have pleasant journey. (journey是可數(shù)名詞，故have后加a)
4.形容詞和副詞錯(cuò)誤：系動(dòng)詞（am/is/are/was/were/become/go）和感官動(dòng)詞（smell/feel）后用形容詞；詞性的誤用（形容詞修飾名詞；副詞修飾動(dòng)詞和形容詞）。
例1：
I’m sure we’ll have a wonderfully time together. (time是名詞，要用形容詞wonderful修飾)
例2：
My pronunciation was terribly. (was后用形容詞，terribly改為terrible)
5. 代詞錯(cuò)誤：代詞的主格和賓格（I/me; he/him; she/her; we/us; they/them）錯(cuò)誤；反身代詞（myself/yourself/himself/herself/themselves/ourselves）使用錯(cuò)誤；代詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)使用錯(cuò)誤；代詞指代錯(cuò)誤；多代詞或少代詞。
例1：
Soon I began to enjoy talking to myself on paper as I was learning to express me in simple English. (me改為myself)
例2：
One day I wrote a little story and showed to my teacher. (to前加it)
例3：
If anyone of us had any difficulty in our life and study, the other would help him out. (other后加-s)
例4：
What’s more, you have to be friends with your pupils and take good care of him. (him改為them)
6. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤：不定式、動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)；and連接的不定式或動(dòng)名詞前后不一致；介詞后用動(dòng)名詞形式作賓語(yǔ)；某些動(dòng)詞后要求接動(dòng)名詞或不定式。
例1：
Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper. (enjoy后需接動(dòng)名詞，talk改為talking)
例2：
But his parents think go to college is more important than playing sports. (go作主語(yǔ)，應(yīng)改為going)
例3：
Children may not develop the habit of read and the ability to enjoy themselves. (介詞后用動(dòng)名詞形式作賓語(yǔ)，read改為reading)
例4：
I particularly enjoyed driving through the countryside with you and saw the changing colors of the leaves on the trees. (and連接的動(dòng)名詞前后不一致，故saw改為seeing)
7. 介詞錯(cuò)誤：詞組中的介詞誤用；介詞意思理解偏差；介詞的多用或少用。
例1：
There are too many people among my family. (among改為in，in my family為固定搭配)
例2：I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my head touched the pillow. (去掉at，the moment引導(dǎo)從句)
練習(xí)題目一
We had guests last night who have stayed 1.
in a B&B hotel ago. They did not want breakfast 2.
Because that they were going out early in the 3.
morning. They came back lately and had some 4.
tea. I came into the living room and saw one of 5.
them just go through the kitchen door but turn 6.
on the light. He was looking for a glass the 7.
cupboard. He had no ideas that the kitchen was 8.
not for guests. I just smiled to me and thought 9.
“What can I do? We are guests after all.” 10.
答案與解析
1. 答案：have→had
解析：本句主句用的是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)是過(guò)去完成時(shí)，因此應(yīng)將have 改成had。
2. 答案：age→before
解析：從句是過(guò)去完成時(shí)，不用ago ，應(yīng)改成before。
3. 答案：去掉because 后的that
解析：because 直接引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，不加that。
4. 答案：lately→late
解析：late 可作副詞，意思是“遲，晚”;而lately 作副詞的意思是“近來(lái)，最近”，意思不對(duì)。
5. 答案：√
6. 答案：but→and
解析：and連接兩個(gè)動(dòng)作。本句并無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)折的意思，應(yīng)改成and。
7. 答案：在the 前加 in
解析：這句話意思是“他在碗櫥里尋找杯子”?！霸谕霗焕铩睉?yīng)在the 前面加介詞in。
8. 答案：ideas→idea
解析：沒(méi)有主意，應(yīng)該是單數(shù)，用idea。
9. 答案：me→myself
解析：“我對(duì)自己笑”應(yīng)用反身代詞myself。
10. 答案：We→They
解析：從本段話來(lái)看，我們是主人，他們是客人。因此應(yīng)將We 改成They。
練習(xí)題目二
Last month I took bus to visit the Great Wall. On the way, two 1.
Foreigner stopped our bus for help because they didn’t know how 2.
To get to the Great Wall. Instead of offer warm-hearted help, many 3.
Passengers showed impatient. Some even shouted, “Leave them 4.
alone! And go on driving!” Thank to the kind driver and the 5.
conductor, the two got on the bus. To my surprise, I find that I 6.
was the only passenger who could speak English among over 20 7.
What should we present to the world in 2008? Rude manner 8.
And difficult communication? Certainly not so. We must work hare 9.
Together. Luckily, we still have enough time improve ourselves. 10.
答案與解析
1. 答案：在bus前加a
解析：考查冠詞的用法。Take a bus“乘坐公共汽車(chē)。
2. 答案：foreigner→foreigners
解析：考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù)。foreigner前有two修飾，因此用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。
3. 答案：offer→offering
解析：考查v-ing形式的判斷與用法。instead of是介詞短語(yǔ)，后跟v-ing形式。
4. 答案：impatient→impatience
解析：本題考查名詞與形容詞的用法。showed后跟名詞作賓語(yǔ)。
5. 答案： Thank→Thanks
解析：考查固定搭配。Thanks to“多虧，由于”。
6. 答案： find→found
解析：考查時(shí)態(tài)的判斷。本篇短文敘述過(guò)去發(fā)生的事，故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
7. 答案： √
8. 答案： manner→manners
解析：考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù)問(wèn)題。manner表“禮貌”時(shí)，須用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
9. 答案：去掉so
解析：考查副詞not的用法。Not可以與possibly, probably, certainly, surely等表示情態(tài)的副詞搭配，構(gòu)成某些縮略句。此處so多余。
10. 答案：在improve前加to
解析：考查動(dòng)詞不定式的用法?！皌o improve”是不定式，作目的狀語(yǔ)。
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