雅思語法在雅思考試中扮演了“打基礎(chǔ)”的功能，與其他英語考試不同，學(xué)習(xí)雅思語法不是為了做好單選題，完形填空或者改錯(cuò)題，而是為了讀懂長(zhǎng)難句，寫出高級(jí)句型，說出正確句子。雅思閱讀中的長(zhǎng)難句可謂很多考生的“攔路虎”，尤其部分句子長(zhǎng)達(dá)七八十個(gè)單詞，句中結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，意思層層遞進(jìn)，如果找不到句子主干，很容易就迷失其中，理解不了句意，影響做題。現(xiàn)在我們來看長(zhǎng)難句的一個(gè)類型——平行句。
平行并列句是指一個(gè)句子中會(huì)有兩個(gè)成分或以上并列句。英語句子最常用的方法是通過使用一些關(guān)聯(lián)詞，如 and、or、but等，或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)如：分號(hào)，逗號(hào)，破折號(hào)等，若干個(gè)在語義上有聯(lián)系或相互照應(yīng)的單詞、詞組或句子連在一起組成一種并列或平行結(jié)構(gòu)的長(zhǎng)句，以表達(dá)一個(gè)復(fù)雜的多層次含義。我們做題的技巧是先找出謂語，然后確定主語，再通過關(guān)聯(lián)詞（and，but等)從后向前找出并列的核心單詞。將句子從并列連詞處斷開，將并列句變成兩個(gè)或若干個(gè)相對(duì)短的句子，然后再用處理簡(jiǎn)單句的方法——抓句子主干，來依次處理每個(gè)相對(duì)短的句子。比如下列兩句：
Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits, fire escapes,and fire doors are.
I wanted her to know that my heart was with her, and that I thought England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.
解析如下：
1. Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits, fire escapes, and fire doors are.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有三個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，其中主句的謂語動(dòng)詞為should know，其余兩個(gè)都是由where引導(dǎo)的并列賓語從句。
拆分：
1) Everyone should know
2) Where the nearest fire alarm box is located
3) Where exits, fire escapes, and fire doors are
翻譯：
每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該知道最近的火災(zāi)報(bào)警箱的位置，以及安全出口、安全梯及防火門位于何處。
2. I wanted her to know that my heart was with her, and that I thought England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有5個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，其中主句的謂語動(dòng)詞為wanted。was和thought分別屬于兩個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的并列賓語從句。而owed和was going為兩個(gè)并列的謂語動(dòng)詞，共同主語為England。England這句話前面為了避免重復(fù)而省略了賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that，實(shí)際上是thought的賓語從句。
拆分：
I wanted her to know
That my heart was withher
That I thought
(That) England owed her agreat debt and was going to miss her.
翻譯：我想讓她知道我的心陪伴著她，而且我認(rèn)為英國(guó)欠了她一大筆債，很快就會(huì)想念她。
小結(jié)：1和2兩句都是從句并列，找到連詞，再找從句中的主干成分，便可以理解句意。
除了從句并列，還有不定式引導(dǎo)的并列句，比如下面兩個(gè)句子：
The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.
It seems simple enoughto distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.
解析如下：
3. The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design citiesis culturally influenced.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句中有兩個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，主句謂語為 is culturally influenced, 定語從句謂語為 isused to. 主語the way 有一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的定語從句修飾，定語從句中有三個(gè)并列的不定式短語作動(dòng)詞“isused”的目的狀語即to achieve privacy， to build homes，和to design cities.
拆分：
The way is culturally influenced.
space is used
to enable the individual to achieve privacy
to build homes
to design cities
翻譯：怎樣利用空間實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)人隱私，修建住宅及規(guī)劃城市都受到文化上的影響。
4. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句話關(guān)鍵是通過and抓住并列的成分，句子的主干是It seems simple enough to distinguish …andto separate…，其中，理解的難點(diǎn)在separate后面的部分。Separate的賓語forces后面被“acting on an organism”這個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語限定，into后面兩個(gè)those告訴我們forces被分成哪些部分了。
拆分：
It seems simple enough
to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment
and to separate forces(acting on an organism) into
those that are internal and biological
and those that are external and environmental.
翻譯：區(qū)分有機(jī)體和周圍環(huán)境似乎很簡(jiǎn)單;把作用于有機(jī)體的力量分為內(nèi)部生物的力量和外部環(huán)境的力量似乎也很簡(jiǎn)單。
小結(jié)：從上兩句可以看出，并列的不定式后面還包含定語從句或名詞性從句，這增加了找出并列成分的難度，但記得，第一步還是找出連詞，然后分析每個(gè)從句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)，從而透徹地理解整個(gè)句子。
除了不定式可以引導(dǎo)并列結(jié)構(gòu)，從句也可以，而且難度更大，因?yàn)閺木鋾?huì)誤導(dǎo)考生找不到主句的主干，請(qǐng)看下句：
Children in low-income families and poor communities are less likely to take organized youth sports for granted because they often lack the resources needed to pay for participation fees, equipment, and transportation to practices and games and their communities do not have resources to build and maintain sports fields and facilities.
解析：
5. Children in low-income families and poor communities are less likely to take organized youth sports for granted because they often lack the resources needed to pay for participation fees, equipment,and transportation to practices and games and their communities do not have resources to build and maintain sports fields and facilities .
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句中有三個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，are less likely to do為主句謂語 ,lack和 do not have 為并列原因狀語從句的謂語,主語分為they 和 their communities.
拆分：
Children （in low-income families and poor communities ）are less likely （totake organized youth sports for granted）
take…forgranted…把…認(rèn)為是理所應(yīng)當(dāng)
because they often lack the resources (needed)(to pay for participation fees, equipment, and transportation to practices andgames)
and （because）their communities do not have resources (to build and maintain sports fields and facilities ).
翻譯：來自低收入家庭和貧窮社區(qū)的孩子就很少將社區(qū)運(yùn)動(dòng)視作理所應(yīng)當(dāng)，因?yàn)樗麄兘?jīng)常缺少必須的金錢來支付門票、設(shè)備和來回車費(fèi)，而且他們的社區(qū)也沒有能力來建設(shè)和維持運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)和運(yùn)動(dòng)設(shè)備。
小結(jié)：這句話只有雖然有三個(gè)謂語，但主句只有一個(gè)，所以第一個(gè)才是真正的謂語，其他兩個(gè)是原因狀語從句引導(dǎo)的并列從句的謂語，所以理解這句話需要找出主句的謂語。
長(zhǎng)難句中的平行結(jié)構(gòu)可以用不同的方式構(gòu)成，可能并列成分內(nèi)部仍然有并列成分，但是最重要的還是先找到主干結(jié)構(gòu)，再分析并列句的結(jié)構(gòu)，最后整合起來，一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)解剖整個(gè)句子的意思。
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