Langzi選編
九．定語從句
I. 定語從句起了形容詞的作用，在句中修飾一個名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個成分，并與先行詞保持數(shù)的一致。
關(guān)系詞
先行詞
從句成分
例句
備注
關(guān)系代詞
who
人
主語
Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?
whom, which和that在從句中做賓語時，?？梢允÷裕樵~提前時后面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用that
whom
人
賓語
Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..
whose
人，物
定語
I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.
that
人，物
主語，賓語
A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
which
物
主語，賓語
The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
as
人，物
主語，賓語
He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.
as做賓語一般不省略
關(guān)系副詞
when
時間
時間狀語
I will never forget the day when we met there.
可用on which
where
地點
地點狀語
This is the house where I was born.
可用in which
why
原因
原因狀語
I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.
可用for which
II. that與which, who, whom的用法區(qū)別：
情況
用法說明
例句
只用that的情況
1． 先行詞為all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代詞時。
2． 先行詞被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時
3． 先行詞有形容詞最高級和序數(shù)詞修飾時
4． 先行詞既指人又指物時
5． 先行詞被the only, the very修飾時
6． 句中已經(jīng)有who或which時，為了避免重復(fù)時
1.He told me everything that he knows.
2.All the books that you offered has been given out.
3.This is the best film that I have ever read.
4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.
5.He is the only man that I want to see.
6.Who is the man that is making a speech?
只用which, who, whom的情況
1． 在非限制性定語從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人
2． 在由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。
3． 先行詞本身是that時，關(guān)系詞用which, 先行詞為those, one, he時多用who。
He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.
I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.
Those who respect others are usually respected by others.
III. as與which的區(qū)別：
定語從句
區(qū)別
例句
限制性定語從句中
名詞前有such和the same修飾時，關(guān)系代詞用as,不能用which
He is not such a fool as he looks.
Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.
非限制性定語從句中
as和which都可以指代前面整個主句。如果有“正如，象”的含義，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放主句后，并無“正如”的意思。
They won the game, as we had expected.
They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.
As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.
IV. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：
類別
語法意義及特征
例句
限制性定語從句
對先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫時不用逗號分開。
The accident happened at the time when I left.
非限制性定語從句
對先行詞作附加的說明，與主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，較松散。從句和主句之間用逗號分開，相當(dāng)于一個插入語，不能用that引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞做賓語時也不能省略。
His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.
十．名詞性從句
種類
作用
常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞
例句
主語從句
在復(fù)合句中做主語，相當(dāng)于名詞，一般置謂語之前，也可用it作形式主語，主語從句放主句之后
that, whether, if, as if, as though, who, whose, which, how, when, where, why, what, whatever, whoever, wherever
Whether he will come or not doesn’t matter much.
Whoever comes here will be welcome.
表語從句
在復(fù)合句中做表語，相當(dāng)于名詞，位于系動詞之后
It looks as if it is going to snow.
賓語從句
在復(fù)合句中做賓語，相當(dāng)于名詞
He asked me which team could win the game.
同位語從句
放在名詞之后(news, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact等) 表明其具體內(nèi)容
You have no idea how worried we are.
The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.
十一。狀語從句
種類
連接詞
注意點
時間狀語
when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly
主句表示將來意義時，從句須用一般現(xiàn)在時；while引導(dǎo)的從句中動詞一般是延續(xù)性的；until用在肯定句中主句動詞是延續(xù)性的，而否定句中主句動詞為短暫性的。
地點狀語
where, wherever
原因狀語
because, as, since, now that
because語氣最強，since較弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。
條件狀語
if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that
從句中動詞時態(tài)不可用將來時，常用一般時代替
目的狀語
so that, in order that, for fear that
so that和in order that后常接may, should, could, would等情態(tài)動詞
結(jié)果狀語
so…that, such…that
比較狀語
than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the more
方式狀語
as if, as though, as
as if 和as though引導(dǎo)的從句一般用虛擬語氣。
讓步狀語
though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever
as在讓步狀語從句中常用倒裝形式；although和though用正常語序，可和yet連用，但不可和but連用
十二。倒裝句
種類
倒裝條件
例句
完全倒裝
here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副詞開頭的句子表示強調(diào)
Out rushed the children.
表示地點的介詞短語作狀語位于句首
Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs.
強調(diào)表語，置于句首，或為保持句子平衡
Present at the meeting were 1,000 students.
部分倒裝
never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否定意義的副詞放于句首
Hardly did I know what had happened.
only和修飾的狀語放于句首
Only then did he realized the importance of English.
not only…but also連接并列的句子，前倒后不倒
Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it.
neither…nor…連接并列的句子，前后都倒裝
Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.
so…that, such…that中的so或such及修飾的成分放于句首時前倒后不倒
So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday.
as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語
Child as he is, he has learned a lot.
so, neither或nor表示前句內(nèi)容也適用于另外的人或事。
He can play the piano. So can i.
用于表示祝愿的祈使句中
May you be in good health!
省略if的虛擬條件
Were I you, I would not do it in this way.
十三。虛擬語氣
類別
用法
例句
If引導(dǎo)的條件從句
與現(xiàn)在事實相反
從句動詞：過去式（be用were）
主句動詞：should/would/could/might+動詞原形
If he were here, he would help us.
與過去事實相反
從句動詞：had+過去分詞
主句動詞：should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞
If I had been free, I would have visited you.
與將來事實相反
從句動詞：過去式 / should+動詞原形 / were+不定式
主句動詞：should/would/could/might+動詞原形
If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.
其它狀語從句
as if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中動詞用過去式或過去完成式
They are talking as if they had been friends for years.
in order that / so that引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中動詞用can / could / may / might / would等+動詞原形
Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.
賓語從句
demand, suggest, order, insist后接的從句中動詞為should+動詞原形
He suggested that we not change our mind.
wish后的從句中分別用過去式，過去完成式和should/would+動詞原形表示與現(xiàn)在，過去和將來情況相反
I wish I could be a pop singer.
主語從句
在It is necessary / important / strange that…, It is suggested / demanded / ordered / requested that… 等從句中，謂語動詞用should+動詞原形
It is strange that such a person should be our friends.
其它句型中
It is time that…句型中動詞用過去式或should+動詞原形
It’s high time that we left.
would rather所接的從句中動詞用過去式或者過去完成式
I would rather you stayed at home now.
If only句型中動詞常用過去式或者過去完成式，表示強烈的愿望
If only our dream had come true!
