Before the Qin Dynasty (221-207BC), traditional values from the Zhou Dynasty gradually collapsed, with different
regimes and different thoughts
flourishing throughout China. According to official records of the Han Dynasty, there are as many as 189 different
schools of thoughts at the time, making that period the
pinnacle of Chinese philosophy. Scholars in the Han Dynasty summed up the pre-Qin philosophy in "nine genres and 10 schools."
秦（公元前221—207）以前，周朝以來的傳統(tǒng)價值觀逐漸崩潰，思想界呈現(xiàn)百家爭鳴的局面。根據(jù)漢代官方記載，當(dāng)時各種思想流派多達(dá)189種，是中國哲學(xué)的一個巔峰時期。漢代學(xué)者將先秦哲學(xué)總結(jié)為“九流十家”（小編注：十家即：儒、道、陰陽、法、名、墨、縱橫、雜、農(nóng)、小說家；十家中小說家屬于藝文，除去不算，稱為九流。）
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220), the notion that "heaven is dead"
prevailed; Confucian moral concepts and values waned; and, society experienced major
turbulence. Philosophers at the time used metaphysical discussions on the interrelation between Confucianism and Taoism to explain a number of important topics like the relationship between Confucianism and nature. Theoretical
hypotheses were
unprecedented during this time.
東漢末年（公元25—220），“上帝已死”的思想（小編注：“上帝之死”是德國哲學(xué)家尼采的著名思想。指上帝已經(jīng)無法成為人類社會道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與終極目的。此處用來比喻東漢末年人們已不再篤信傳統(tǒng)價值觀，信仰體系的底線被突破。）盛行；儒家傳統(tǒng)價值觀逐漸消解；社會急劇動蕩。當(dāng)時的哲學(xué)家們通過研究形而上學(xué)，討論儒家思想與道家思想的關(guān)聯(lián)，并以此來解釋諸如儒家思想與自然的關(guān)系等很多重要問題。理論假設(shè)的思維方法在這個時期第一次出現(xiàn)了。
From the Tang to the Song Dynasty (960-1279), traditional values suffered from disorder as the Han people blended with other ethnic groups. The contradictions between foreign and
indigenous cultures, and official and folk cultures, were more glaring than ever. Facing the contradiction, the Confucian school of
idealist philosophers
endeavoredto reestablish a spiritual world for the people in the Song Dynasty, with their efforts to integrate Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.
唐宋時期，漢人和其他少數(shù)民族的融合，引起傳統(tǒng)價值觀的又一次瓦解。本土文化與外來文化、官方文化和民間文化之間的沖突比以往任何時候都更激烈。面對這種沖突與矛盾，唯心主義哲學(xué)家中的儒派為重建人們的精神家園而努力，從而形成了新儒家思想，佛家思想和道家思想。
