(1) can表示主語(yǔ)的能力。如:
The hall can seat 1,000 people. 這個(gè)大廳能坐1 000人。
Can you play the piano? 你會(huì)彈鋼琴嗎?
(2) can表示說(shuō)話人的猜測(cè)(即可能性),多用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。如:
Can it be true? 這能是真的嗎?
The moon can't always be at the full. 月不可能總是圓的。
What can she mean? 她可能是什么意思呢?
(3) can表示許可。如:
This sort of thing can't go on. 這樣的事不能再繼續(xù)下去了。
You can't smoke here. 你不可在這里吸煙。
(4)“can 完成式”表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)過(guò)去情況的猜測(cè)(只用于否定和疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)中)。如:
He can't have missed the way.I explained the route carefully and drew him a map.
他不會(huì)迷路。我對(duì)他詳細(xì)說(shuō)明了路線,還畫(huà)了一張地圖。
Can the team have left already? 球隊(duì)已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了嗎?
(1) could表示主語(yǔ)的能力,為can的過(guò)去時(shí)形式,如:
Daisy couldn't come yesterday because she was ill.
戴西昨天不能來(lái)是因?yàn)樗×恕?
They said they could swim. 他們說(shuō)他們會(huì)游泳。
(2) could表示說(shuō)話人的猜測(cè)(即可能性)。如:
He could be right. 他或許是對(duì)的。
Could it be Henry? 可能是亨利嗎?
At that time we thought the story could not be true.
那時(shí)我們認(rèn)為所說(shuō)的事不可能是真的。
(3) could表示許可。如:
Father said I could swim in the river.
爸爸說(shuō)我可以在河里游泳。
Could I help you? 我能幫忙嗎? (比Can I help you?婉轉(zhuǎn))
The man asked if he could smoke in the hall.
那個(gè)人問(wèn)可不可以在大廳里吸煙。
(4)“could 完成式”用于肯定句時(shí)一般表示過(guò)去可能完成卻未完成的動(dòng)作。如:
I could have reported you. 我本可以報(bào)告你的。
You could have let me know earlier. 你本來(lái)該早一些告訴我。
(1) may表示許可,多用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句中,否定句中不常用。如:
May I ask you a question?
我可以問(wèn)你個(gè)問(wèn)題嗎?(比Can I ask you a question?更禮貌)
You may keep the book for two weeks.
這本書(shū)你可以借兩周。
(2) may表示可能性,常用于肯定句和否定句中,指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的可能性。如:
It may be true. 那可能是真的。
The road may be blocked. 這條路可能不通了。
(3)“may 完成式”表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)過(guò)去情況的猜測(cè)。如:
Eva may have missed her train. 伊娃可能誤火車了。
He may have read the book. 他可能讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。
(4) may as well(=might as well)是一個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ),作“不妨”或“完全有理由”或“還是……的好”解,用于提出建議。如:
You may as well stay where you are. 你還是原地呆著好。
All the pubs are closing.We may as well go home.
所有的酒館都打烊了。我們還是回家吧。
在對(duì)由may引出的“請(qǐng)求許可”的問(wèn)句做出肯定回答時(shí),通常不用過(guò)于嚴(yán)肅和正式的“Yes, you may.”,而多用“Yes, please?(請(qǐng)便)”或“Of course/ Certainly(當(dāng)然可以).”;否定回答時(shí),常用 “Please don't(請(qǐng)不要).”或“No, you mustn't(不行).”
(1) might表示許可。如:
Might I have a word with you? 我可以同你說(shuō)句話嗎?
Might I make a suggestion? 我可以提一項(xiàng)建議嗎?
Might we ask you a favour? 我們可以請(qǐng)你幫個(gè)忙嗎?
但要注意:Might I...比May I...更客氣,但是不如May I...常用。
(2) might表示說(shuō)話人的猜測(cè),其把握性比may小。如:
Mr Smith might be right. 史密斯先生或許是對(duì)的。
He might have some fever. 他可能有點(diǎn)發(fā)燒。
(3) might用于委婉地提出建議、責(zé)備等。如:
You might ask him for help. 你可以請(qǐng)他幫忙嘛。
You might ask before you borrow my car.
你可以先問(wèn)問(wèn)我再借我的車嘛。
(4)“might 完成式”(表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)過(guò)去情況的抱怨、責(zé)備、遺憾等)。如:
You might have considered her feelings. 你本應(yīng)考慮她的感受。
You might have let me know earlier. 你本來(lái)該早一些告訴我。
(1) must表義務(wù)或強(qiáng)制。如:
I must go now. 我必須走了。
Soldiers must obey orders. 軍人必須服從命令。
Visitors must leave bags in the cloakroom.
參觀者須把包放到物品寄存處。
must用于一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí),其肯定答語(yǔ)應(yīng)用Yes, please.或I'm afraid so.其否定答語(yǔ)應(yīng)用needn't或don't have to.
—Must I go tomorrow? 明天我必須去嗎?
—Yes, please. 是的。
—No, you needn't. 不,你不必去。
must的否定式must not/mustn't表示禁止。
You mustn't leave here. 你不許離開(kāi)這兒。
Cars mustn't be parked in front of the entrance. 車不能停在入口處。
(2) must表示說(shuō)話人有把握的猜測(cè),僅限于肯定句。如:
He must be at home now. 他現(xiàn)在肯定在家。
You must be joking. 你一定是在開(kāi)玩笑。
He must be mad. 他一定是瘋了。
(3)“must 進(jìn)行式”表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況有把握的猜測(cè),僅限于肯定句。如: You must be joking. 你一定是在開(kāi)玩笑吧。
(4)“must 完成式”表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況有把握的猜測(cè),僅限于肯定句。如:
You must have known what he wanted.
你當(dāng)時(shí)肯定知道他想干什么。
Emm must have been very young when she got married.
埃瑪結(jié)婚時(shí)一定很年輕。
(5)“must 完成進(jìn)行式”表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況有把握的猜測(cè),僅限于肯定句。如:
He must have been working. 他肯定一直在工作。
(1) shall用于疑問(wèn)句中,征求對(duì)方的意愿;這時(shí)可以用第一人稱和第三人稱。如:
Shall I turn on the light? 要開(kāi)燈嗎?(我把燈打開(kāi)好嗎?)
Shall we sit here? 咱們坐這兒怎么樣?(坐這兒好嗎?)
Shall we begin now? 我們現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始,好嗎?
Shall he send you a check? 要不要他給你寄張支票?
(2) shall用于陳述句,與第二人稱或第三人稱連用,表示允諾、命令、警告和強(qiáng)制,或表示說(shuō)話人的決心等。如:
She shall get her share. 她可以得到她的一份。(允諾)
Then you shall come. 那你就得來(lái).(命令)
Nothing shall stop us from carrying out this plan.
什么也不能阻止我們實(shí)現(xiàn)這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。(決心)
(1) should表“應(yīng)該”,用于所有人稱,表示常理認(rèn)為是對(duì)的事或適宜做的事,通常意義為“應(yīng)該”。如:
You should be more careful next time. 你下次應(yīng)該再細(xì)心些。
We should always bear this in mind. 我們要把這一點(diǎn)常記在心里。
(2)“should+完成式”表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)過(guò)去情況的抱怨、責(zé)備、后悔等。如:
I should have taken her advice. 我本該采納她的建議的。
I shouldn't have treated her like that. 我不該那樣待她來(lái)著。
(3) 表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)過(guò)去情況的猜測(cè)。如:
The guests should have arrived now. 客人可能已經(jīng)到了。
(1) will表示主語(yǔ)的決心或意愿。如:
I won't argue with you. 我不愿意跟你爭(zhēng)辯。
I will do all I can. 我會(huì)盡力去做。
If you want help, let me know, will you?
需要幫忙就告訴我,好嗎?
(2) 作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,will表示說(shuō)話人的猜測(cè),意為“大概”。如:
That will be the book you want. 那大概是你所要的書(shū)。
Ask him. He will know. 問(wèn)他吧,他大概知道。
(3) will表示主語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣或習(xí)慣能力。如:
The young man will sit there for hours doing nothing.
那個(gè)年輕人常幾個(gè)小時(shí)坐在那兒無(wú)所事事。
Water will boil at 100℃. 水在100℃時(shí)沸騰。
(1) would表示主語(yǔ)的意愿。如:
That's just what he would want. 那正是他想要的。
His daughter wouldn't listen to anybody.
他女兒誰(shuí)的話也聽(tīng)不進(jìn)去。
(2) “Would you...?”表示客氣的請(qǐng)求。如:
Would you please lend me your pen? 借用一下你的鋼筆好嗎?
What would you like to drink? 你想喝點(diǎn)什么?
(3)“Would you like / prefer...?”表示提議或邀請(qǐng)。如:
Would you like some coffee? 你要不要喝點(diǎn)咖啡?
(4) would表示說(shuō)話人的猜測(cè),其把握性比will小。如:
It would be about ten o'clock when he left home.
他離開(kāi)家時(shí)大概是10點(diǎn)左右。
That would be in 1976, I think. 我想那可能是在1976年。
(5) would表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。如:
Sometimes he would come to see us. 他有時(shí)來(lái)看看我們。
Every evening he would come to say goodnight.
每天晚上他都來(lái)道晚安。
(6)“would+完成式”表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的猜測(cè)。如:
The tour group would have reached New York.
旅游團(tuán)可能已經(jīng)到紐約了。
I thought you knew. I thought Maxim would have told you.
我以為你知道了。我以為馬克西姆會(huì)告訴你的。
have to主要用于表示客觀外界向主語(yǔ)施加的義務(wù)。它有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)單數(shù)第三人稱形式has to和過(guò)去時(shí)形式had to,也可以與助動(dòng)詞和其他情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用。如:
I shall have to go to the clinic today for my bad cough.
我咳嗽得很厲害,今天得去診所。
You will have to come tomorrow. 你明天得來(lái)。
在口語(yǔ)中也可用have(has)got to(美國(guó)英語(yǔ)可省去have)。英國(guó)英語(yǔ)還可用其否定與疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
You haven't got to work tomorrow. 明天你不用上班。(got可省去)
Have you got to work tomorrow? 你明天得上班嗎?(got可省去)
有時(shí) don't have to與haven't got to的含義有所不同,如:
You don't have to change at London. 你不用在倫敦?fù)Q車。(指通常)
You haven't got to change at London. 你不用在倫敦?fù)Q車。(指這一次)
(1) ought to表示出于義務(wù)、責(zé)任、道義等方面的要求而該做的事。如:
You ought to go to see the doctor. 你該去看病。
He said you ought to tell the police.
他說(shuō)你應(yīng)該去報(bào)警。
(2) ought to表示說(shuō)話人的猜測(cè)。如:
John ought to know how to use the mchine.
約翰可能知道怎么用這個(gè)機(jī)器。
但要注意:在表示義務(wù)和猜測(cè)時(shí),ought to通常可以和should換用。
(1) 表必要性,多用于疑問(wèn)句、否定句或否定意味的疑問(wèn)句中。如:
You needn't hurry. 你不必著急。
Need I repeat it? 需要我重復(fù)嗎?/p>
(2) “need+完成式”表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況溫和的責(zé)備、后悔等,通常限于否定句。如:
We needn't have hurried. 我們當(dāng)時(shí)不必那么匆忙。
The car needs cleaning.=The car needs to be cleaned.
車需要清洗了。
We need some more money. 我們還需要些錢(qián)。
(1) 作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞, dare沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化,現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)的形式相同,通常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。如:
Dare you jump down from the tree? 你敢從樹(shù)上跳下來(lái)嗎?
How dare you be so rude? 你怎么敢如此無(wú)理?
(2) dare還可用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),它有動(dòng)詞的全部形式,后面要跟帶to的不定式。如:
The girl didn't dare to go by herself. 那女孩不敢獨(dú)自去。
He dared to say no more.他不再敢說(shuō)什么了。
(3) dare作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)有人稱和數(shù)的變化,有現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)形式,可以和助動(dòng)詞連用,也不僅只用于否定和疑問(wèn)句,而且dare之后的不定式符號(hào)to可以省略。如:
Who dares (to) go? 誰(shuí)敢去?
She did not dare (to) go out after dark.
她天黑以后不敢出門(mén)。
(4) 作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞, dare除了作上面的“敢于”之外,還可以作“向……挑戰(zhàn)”和“敢于面對(duì)”解。如:
I dare you to do it. 我諒你不敢做這事。
The young man dared the anger of the entire family.
那年輕人不怕惹起全家人的憤怒。
(1) used to表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),現(xiàn)在已不存在,沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。如:
Natalie told us she used to go church.
納塔莉告訴我們她過(guò)去常去做禮拜。
It used to be a prosperous town.
這里過(guò)去是一個(gè)繁榮的城鎮(zhèn)。
(2) used to的否定式和疑問(wèn)式有兩種形式。一種是不用助動(dòng)詞,另一種是借助于助動(dòng)詞did,而借助于助動(dòng)詞的形式更為常見(jiàn)。如:
I didn't use to/usedn't to/used not to get tired when I played tennis.
我過(guò)去打網(wǎng)球時(shí)不感到累。
Did you use to / used to play tennis?或Used you to play tennis?
你過(guò)去打網(wǎng)球嗎?
There used to be a pub here,didn't use there / usedn't there?
過(guò)去這里有一個(gè)小酒館,對(duì)嗎?
(3) used to do(作“過(guò)去經(jīng)常做”解)與be used to sth / doing sth (作“習(xí)慣于某事 / 做某事”解)。如:
I'm used to life in the country. 我習(xí)慣于鄉(xiāng)村生活。
She was not used to getting up early. 她不習(xí)慣早起。
什么是助動(dòng)詞?
1)協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞詞組的詞叫助動(dòng)詞(Auxiliary Verb)。被協(xié)助的動(dòng)詞稱作主要?jiǎng)釉~(Main Verb)。
助動(dòng)詞自身沒(méi)有詞義,不可單獨(dú)使用,例如:
He doesn't like English. 他不喜歡英語(yǔ)。
(doesn't是助動(dòng)詞,無(wú)詞義;like是主要?jiǎng)釉~,有詞義)
2) 助動(dòng)詞協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~完成以下功用,可以用來(lái):
a. 表示時(shí)態(tài),例如:
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已結(jié)婚。
b. 表示語(yǔ)態(tài),例如:
He was sent to England. 他被派往英國(guó)。
c. 構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句,例如:
Do you like college life? 你喜歡大學(xué)生活嗎?
Did you study English before you came here? 你來(lái)這兒之前學(xué)過(guò)英語(yǔ)嗎?
d. 與否定副詞not合用,構(gòu)成否定句,例如:
I don't like him. 我不喜歡他。
e. 加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,例如:
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定來(lái)參加晚會(huì)。
He did know that. 他的確知道那件事。
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