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俄羅斯金環(huán)城市(三)弗拉基米爾

 

弗拉基米爾是俄羅斯的一個(gè)州,世界聞名的旅游線路“俄羅斯金環(huán)”從弗拉基米爾州境內(nèi)穿過(guò)。州府弗拉基米爾位在克里亞濟(jì)馬河河岸,位于莫斯科東北190千米處。這是一個(gè)比莫斯科還要古老的都市。十二世紀(jì)俄羅斯還是春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó),一個(gè)地方就是一個(gè)公國(guó)。1108年,弗拉基米爾大公在此建城,1157年成為弗拉基米爾--蘇茲達(dá)利公國(guó)的首都。1238年蒙古人大舉入侵,劫掠了這個(gè)城市。14世紀(jì)弗拉基米爾成為俄羅斯東北部的行政、文化和宗教中心。古城建筑莊重宏偉、規(guī)整勻稱(chēng)且線條優(yōu)美,城門(mén)分別以“金”、“銀”、“銅”命名。金門(mén)是罕見(jiàn)的軍事建筑典型,至今保留完好。1160年所建的圣母升天大教堂是俄羅斯現(xiàn)存最古老的教堂。此教堂由安德烈大公所建,在12到15世紀(jì)期間,所有沙皇都在此進(jìn)行加冕。13世紀(jì)時(shí)圣母升天大教堂受到蒙古人嚴(yán)重破壞。后來(lái)經(jīng)過(guò)修復(fù),到現(xiàn)仍保存了12、15、18世紀(jì)留下的彩色壁畫(huà),其中又以15世紀(jì)畫(huà)作的收藏最為豐富。圣畫(huà)家安德列·魯布洛夫的名作“圣母圣像”,也從莫斯科移來(lái)此處珍藏。教堂內(nèi)還有文化中心、圖書(shū)館等。就在蘇聯(lián)時(shí)代這個(gè)升天大教堂仍然開(kāi)門(mén),接受東正教的朝拜。它邊上的德米特里大教堂也是12世紀(jì)用白色石灰?guī)r修建的,氣勢(shì)恢弘,是弗拉基米爾最美麗的教堂。德米特里教堂采用俄羅斯東北部最傳統(tǒng)建筑樣式,正面墻上雕刻著耀眼的動(dòng)植物和狩獵的景象。此教堂也是現(xiàn)存此類(lèi)建筑中,唯一外觀有雕刻的一座,優(yōu)美氣息獨(dú)具。

升天大教堂前面騎著高頭大馬的弗拉基米爾大公是建城的老大公的兒子,是古代俄羅斯的統(tǒng)帥和政治家,他的名字叫亞歷山大·涅夫斯基。1236年當(dāng)了諾夫哥羅德那個(gè)地方的公爵。1240年他在涅瓦河畔擊敗了瑞典侵略者,1242年,他又領(lǐng)著他的諾夫哥羅德軍子弟兵打敗了入侵的德意志立窩尼亞騎士團(tuán),挽救了俄羅斯。使俄羅斯的西北部地區(qū)免于被西方天主教國(guó)家征服。當(dāng)蒙古人勢(shì)不可擋的騎兵蹂躪并征服了俄羅斯之后,亞歷山大·涅夫斯基保存實(shí)力表示臣服,他還充當(dāng)了蒙古人建立的金帳汗國(guó)與俄羅斯各公國(guó)之間的調(diào)解人的角色。1246年,金帳汗封他為基輔大公。1252年,亞歷山大·涅夫斯基被金帳汗封為弗拉基米爾大公。其間他主要干的就是統(tǒng)一俄羅斯北部的各個(gè)公國(guó)。因?yàn)樗麚踝×颂熘鹘虈?guó)家對(duì)俄羅斯的征服,俄羅斯東正教會(huì)封亞歷山大·涅夫斯基為圣徒。彼得大帝建都彼得堡的時(shí)候,下令把他的遺骨移至圣彼得堡,彰顯他對(duì)俄羅斯統(tǒng)一的功績(jī)。衛(wèi)國(guó)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的時(shí)候斯大林封他為民族英雄,來(lái)弘揚(yáng)全蘇聯(lián)的民族精神。

弗拉基米爾這地方出了許多俄羅斯的的杰出人物,有十八世紀(jì)俄國(guó)的大軍事家蘇沃洛夫大元帥,領(lǐng)軍所向無(wú)敵,一輩子打過(guò)芬蘭,土耳其,還領(lǐng)著俄奧聯(lián)軍打到了意大利,他的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)理論,戰(zhàn)術(shù)原則一直影響到蘇聯(lián)紅軍。還有那個(gè)在衛(wèi)國(guó)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的時(shí)候把希特勒氣死的全蘇廣播電臺(tái)播音員、蘇聯(lián)人民藝術(shù)家尤.鮑.列維坦,他的播音一直鼓舞著蘇聯(lián)的軍民奮勇抗擊,希特勒專(zhuān)門(mén)派飛機(jī)轟炸廣播電臺(tái),宣布他的死亡,還說(shuō),打下莫斯科現(xiàn)抓斯大林,再抓列維坦。還有現(xiàn)代空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)創(chuàng)始人茹科夫斯基,第一個(gè)電視發(fā)射管的發(fā)明者茲沃雷金等等等等不勝枚舉。人杰地靈?。?/font>

弗拉基米爾是俄羅斯的工業(yè)基地之一,它的拖拉機(jī),玻璃產(chǎn)業(yè)都是當(dāng)時(shí)蘇聯(lián)首屈一指的啊。

不過(guò)我們到弗拉基米爾看到的一片祥和安靜,這里沒(méi)有大城市的繁華喧鬧,無(wú)軌電車(chē)輕輕地劃過(guò),城市里無(wú)處不在的花園里弗拉基米爾人盡情的享受那陽(yáng)光,微風(fēng)。孩子們?cè)诟改傅暮亲o(hù)下快樂(lè)的蹦著跳著……

p1  圣母升天大教堂                                                                                                                                -

        p2  弗拉基米爾大公亞歷山大.涅夫斯基                                                                                              

 p3                                                                                                                                                    -

p4  大公是這些神支撐的啊                                                                                                                    -

p5  德米特里大教堂                                                                                                                            -

 p6                                                                                                                                                         -

 p7 這個(gè)圣母和圣子多人性啊                                                                                                                -

 p8 休閑                                                                                                                                         -

p9  紅衣女郎                                                                                                                                            -

p10  這也是一種氛圍                                                                                                                           -

p11  矜持的女孩們                                                                                                                                     -

p12  歡迎拍照啊                                                                                                                                  -

p13  智者紀(jì)念碑                                                                                                                               -

 p14                                                                                                                                                          -

 p15                                                                                                                                                    -

 p16                                                                                                                                                    -

 p17 圣畫(huà)家安德列·魯布洛夫                                                                                                          -

p18 噢!我來(lái)啦                                                                                                                                 -

 p19 我翹上來(lái)了                                                                                                                                  -

 p20 我算對(duì)啦(小姑娘玩的是算盤(pán))                                                                                                   -

p21  兒子樂(lè)啦                                                                                                                                           -

 p22 美麗媽媽                                                                                                                                      -

 p23 我壓住啦                                                                                                                                         -

 p24 金門(mén)                                                                                                                                          -

 p25                                                                                                                                                            -

 p26 州會(huì)堂                                                                                                                                              -

 p27                                                                                                                                                         -

p28  州政府                                                                                                                                                -

 p29                                                                                                                                                       -

 p30 專(zhuān)注                                                                                                                                              -

 p31 愛(ài)                                                                                                                                                   -

 p32                                                                                                                                                  -

       p33                                                                                                                                                    -

p34                                                                                                                                                          -

p35 散步                                                                                                                                                   -

p36  我也要飛                                                                                                                                             -

p37  閃光的蒲公英                                                                                                                                  -

p38                                                                                                                                                         -

 p39 無(wú)名英雄紀(jì)念碑                                                                                                                                 -

p40  永不熄滅的火焰

 

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