01 · 分析方法
1. 首先確定句子是簡單句、復合句或并列句。
2. 如果是簡單句，首先確定主謂結(jié)構(gòu)；接著確定賓語和賓語補足語（如有的話）；然后確定定語和狀語等次要成分，即找出主語、謂語和賓語各自的修飾語。按照所確定的各個成分，給出全句大意（可用翻譯法）。譯文意思應當通順，并和上下文意義基本吻合。如意義出入較大，文理不通，則分析可能有誤，這時應考慮重新進行句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析。
3. 如果是并列句，首先應找出并列連詞并把全句分解為若干個分句；接著按照簡單句的分析方法再細分各分句的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和句意；然后將全句綜合考慮。
4. 如果是復合句，首先找出從屬連詞并確定出主句，這時應特別注意連詞省略現(xiàn)象和多義連詞在句中的確切含義；接著按照簡單句的分析方法再細分各分句的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和句意；然后確定從句的性質(zhì)，即該從句在句中修飾什么詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)；最后整體考慮全句大意，尤其要注意對修飾語的判斷是否準確。
02 · 注意事項
1. 是否有同位語和插入語。
2. 是否有省略、倒裝和分隔等現(xiàn)象。
3. 替代詞的所指對象。
4. 判斷并列成分的層次。
5. 句首的并列連詞and、or、but、for通常起承上啟下的作用，不要將他們歸入后文的句法分析。
6. 在從句多的句子中，從句中又包含從句的現(xiàn)象。
7. 非限定動詞短語在句中作次要成分（定語和狀語）時又帶著較長的從屬成分，尤其是狀語從句或賓語從句時的結(jié)構(gòu)分析。
8. 在有多個從句的復合句和并列句中，狀語（單個詞、短語或從句）究竟是全句的修飾語還是某個從句或詞語的修飾語。
03 · 分析實例
1. Such tasks are generally important in their outcome，which only adds to the pressure to do good job，and yet their very complexity makes it difficult to know just where or how to begin.
這些任務的結(jié)果通常都很重要，這為做好工作增加了壓力，然而這些任務的復雜性使人很難知道該從何處開始和怎樣開始。
這是一個并列復合句。在第一個并列分句中，有一個非限制性定語從句，但它不修飾outcome，而是修飾前面的整個分句。后一并列分句中有一個復合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)，用it作形式賓語，實際賓語為帶有連接副詞的不定式短語。
2. Today it is not unusual for a student，even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer，to have $5,000 in loans(貸款) after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation.
一個學生即使在上課期間做兼職工作，在暑假期間做全職工作，四年下來他仍會欠下5,000美元學費貸款，而這筆錢必須在畢業(yè)后一年內(nèi)開始償還。這樣的事現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)是很平常了。
分析本句應抓住其關鍵結(jié)構(gòu)：it is not unusual for a student to have $5,000 in loans after four years。it是形式主語，實際主語為由for引出邏輯主語的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)for a student to have $5,000 in loans after four years。這里應注意not unusual是雙重否定，實際表示肯定含義。讓步狀語從句even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer被插在不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中。破折號引出帶形容詞從句的同位語。由于for到句末是一個完整的內(nèi)容，因此翻譯中將他們連在一起，而把it is not unusual分譯。
3. What emerges(浮現(xiàn)) is a picture of an environment where the emphasis is on managing the technology as it spies on people doing their jobs，rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace.
這就勾畫出了這樣一種工作環(huán)境，在這種環(huán)境中，只重視科技手段對員工工作的監(jiān)視作用，而不考慮提高客戶服務質(zhì)量和提高公平的工作場所。
本句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是What emerges is a picture，主語What emerges本身即為一個從句。在說明picture的介詞短語中還有一個定語從句修飾environment，在這個定語從句中又有一個as引導的狀語從句修飾managing，介詞on后有三個動詞-ing形式短語作其賓語，分別為：managing，promoting和providing。
4. Justice does demand that murderers be punished. And common sense demands that society be protected from them. But neither justice nor self-preservation demands that we kill men whom we have already imprisoned.
正義確定要求嚴懲兇手。常識也要求社會受到保護不被（惡人）侵犯。但是無論正義還是自我保護都沒有要求我們處死已被監(jiān)禁的囚犯。
第二、三兩句中的第一個詞均為并列連詞，他們起承上啟下的作用。三個句子中各有一個that引導的賓語從句，最后一句中還有一個由whom引導的、修飾men的定語從句
04 · 真題閱讀長難句
1. It was believed that this dish would benefit the muscles, reduce pain, improve circulation, stimulate sweating, and warm the body. （2021寧夏銀川4月質(zhì)檢）
語法：
整句話屬于it is done…的主語從句句型，其中it為形式主語。
拓展：
It+ be +過去分詞+從句
It is said that... 據(jù)說……
It is known to all that... 眾所周知……
It is reported that... 據(jù)報道……
It is believed that... 據(jù)信……;人們相信……
It is suggested that... 有人建議……
It must be pointed out that... 必須指出……
It has been proved that... 已證明…….
例如:
It is believed that at least a score of buildings were damaged or destroyed.
據(jù)信, 至少有二十座樓房遭到破壞或徹底毀掉.
It is suggested that the meeting should be put off.
有人建議會議延期召開.
It's reported that three people were killed in the accident and five were hurt badly.
據(jù)報道,事故中三人喪生,五人重傷.
It is known to all that Taiwan is an inseparable part of China.
眾所周知,臺灣是中國不可分割的一部分.
詞匯：
(1) muscle n. 肌肉
(2) circulation n. 循環(huán)
(3) sweat v.出汗 n. 汗水
(4) warm v.使暖和 adj. 溫暖的
翻譯：
人們相信這道菜有益于肌肉，減輕疼痛，改善循環(huán)，刺激出汗，溫暖身體。
2. Some foods, such as goat meat and spinach(菠菜), are seen as “hot”，while others, such as Chinese cabbage and radishes(小蘿卜), are seen as “cold”. （2021寧夏銀川4月質(zhì)檢）
語法：
整句話是while“然而”并列的兩個簡單句，此處while為連詞。而such as結(jié)構(gòu)是對前面的food進行的修飾，表示列舉。
詞匯：
be seen as 被當做…
翻譯：
一些食物，如羊肉和菠菜, 被視為“熱”，而其他，如大白菜和蘿卜,被視為“冷”。
3. However, how much “hot” or “cold” food one should eat depends on the time of the year, how the food is prepared and what it is prepared with, and the individual’s health. （2021寧夏銀川4月質(zhì)檢）
語法：
(1) …h(huán)ow much “hot” or “cold” food one should eat depends on the time of the year, 此處how much引導的是主語從句。
(2) …h(huán)ow the food is prepared and what it is prepared with, 此處how和what引導的是depend on后的賓語從句，屬于and并列了兩個賓語從句。
詞匯：
(1) depend on v. 依賴；取決于
(2) individual adj.個人的
翻譯：
然而，一個人應該吃多少“熱”或“冷”的食物取決于一年中的時間、食物的準備方式和準備材料，以及個人的健康狀況。
4. Chinese herbal medicines, such as the wolfberry(枸杞子), can be found on many a restaurant menu, either added to fruit tea or as a beneficial addition to a dish. （2021寧夏銀川4月質(zhì)檢）
語法：
這句話的難點在后面的either…or…結(jié)構(gòu),這個結(jié)構(gòu)可以整體看做后置定語用來修飾wolfberry。
詞匯：
(1) herbal medicine 草藥
(2) addition n. 添加 add v. 把…加入…
翻譯：
中草藥，如枸杞, 在許多餐館的菜單上都可以找到，或者加入水果茶，或者作為一道菜的有益補充。
5. So, whether you need to boost your strength with a large helping of chicken soup, or increase your mental powers with a serving of pig brain soup, you may find that this ancient Chinese custom could be just the tonic you were looking for. （2021寧夏銀川4月質(zhì)檢）
語法：
(1) whether you need to boost your strength with a large helping of chicken soup, or increase your mental powers with a serving of pig brain soup, 此處的whether引導讓步狀語從句，表示“無論…還是…”。
(2) … you may find that this ancient Chinese…此處that引導賓語從句。
(3) …the tonic you were looking for. 此處you were looking for為省略引導詞that/which的定語從句，修飾tonic。
詞匯：
(1) boost your strength 增強體力
(2) mental power 腦力
(3) a serving of 一份
翻譯：
所以，無論你是需要用一大口雞湯來增強體力，還是用一份豬腦湯來增強腦力，你可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)，這一古老的中國習俗可能正是你想要的養(yǎng)生補品。
6. But a recent discovery of traces of a gas in the clouds of Venus has excited astronomers, as it may serve as a potential sign of life.（2021安徽蕪湖質(zhì)量監(jiān)控）
語法：
此句中as引導的是原因狀語從句，只不過as引導原因相較because，since來說，語氣更弱。
詞匯：
(1) discovery n. 發(fā)現(xiàn) v. discover
(2) excite adj. 使激動
(3) serve as 當做
(4) potential adj. 潛在的 n. 潛能
翻譯：
但是最近在金星云中發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種氣體讓天文學家們興奮不已，因為它可能是生命的潛在跡象。
7. Though it contains poison, it is viewed as a possible sign of life because on Earth the gas is made by microorganisms(微生物) that live in oxygen-free environments. （2021安徽蕪湖質(zhì)量監(jiān)控）
語法：
(1) Though it contains poison, 此處though引導讓步狀語從句。
(2) …because on Earth the gas is made by microorganisms…此處because引導原因狀語從句。
(3) …microorganisms(微生物) that live in oxygen-free environments. 此處that引導定語從句修飾microorganisms。
詞匯：
(1) contain v. 包含
(2) be viewed as 被當作
(3) microorganism n. 微生物
(4) oxygen-free adj. 無氧的
翻譯：
雖然它含有毒素，但它被視為可能有生命跡象存在，因為在地球上，這種氣體是由微生物產(chǎn)生的，它們生活在無氧環(huán)境中。
8. Scientists have assumed that if life exists on Venus, this cloud deck(云蓋) is likely the only place where it would survive. （2021安徽蕪湖質(zhì)量監(jiān)控）
語法：
(1) 此句話整體結(jié)構(gòu)是一個that引導的賓語從句，而從句也是由復合句組成，即條件狀語從句+主句。
(2) …the only place where it would survive. 此處where引導定語從句來修飾place。
詞匯：
(1) assume v. 假設
(2) likely adj. 可能的
(3) survive v. 存活
翻譯：
科學家們假設，如果金星上存在生命，那么這個云層可能是它唯一能生存的地方。
9. Scientists went through every possibility that could have led to the formation of phosphine gas in Venus clouds, including volcanoes, lightning strikes, small meteorites(隕石) falling into the atmosphere. （2021安徽蕪湖質(zhì)量監(jiān)控）
語法：
(1) …every possibility that could have led to the formation…此處that引導定語從句來修飾possibility。
(2) …including volcanoes, lightning strikes, small meteorites(隕石) falling into the atmosphere. 此處including…屬于介詞短語做后置定語來修飾possibility。
(3) … small meteorites(隕石) falling into the atmosphere. 此處的falling…為doing做后置定語來修飾meteorite。
詞匯：
(1) formation n. 形成
(2) volcano n. 火山
(3) meteorite n. 隕石
(4) atmosphere n. 大氣層；氛圍
翻譯：
科學家們研究了所有可能導致金星云中磷化氫氣體形成的可能性，包括火山、閃電、小隕石墜入大氣層。
10. It was concluded that there is no explanation for the existence of this gas in Venus clouds, other than the presence of life, USA Today reported. （2021安徽蕪湖質(zhì)量監(jiān)控）
語法：
(1) 整句話是it is +done 的主語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)。翻譯為“結(jié)論是…”。
(2)整體結(jié)構(gòu)屬于倒裝，正常結(jié)構(gòu)應該為USA Today reported it was concluded that there is no explanation for the existence of this gas in Venus clouds, other than the presence of life。這屬于直接引語放句首的情況。
詞匯：
(1) conclude v. 總結(jié) conclusion n. 結(jié)論
(2) explanation n. 解釋 explain v. 解釋
(3) existence n. 存在 exist v. 存在
(4) presence n. 存在 present adj. 出現(xiàn)的；在場的 present v. 呈現(xiàn)
翻譯：
據(jù)《今日美國》報道，結(jié)論是除了生命的存在外，金星云中這種氣體的存在沒有任何道理。
11. Although the detection of phosphine is not strong evidence for life, this finding is great enough to change scientists' view on Venus, which is thought to be a completely inhospitable(不適合居住的) planet. （2021安徽蕪湖質(zhì)量監(jiān)控）
語法：
(1) Although the detection of phosphine is not strong evidence for life, 此處although引導讓步狀語從句，表示“盡管”。
(2) … which is thought to be a completely inhospitable planet.此處which引導非限制性定語從句，修飾Venus。
詞匯：
(1) detection n. 偵測 detect v. 偵測
(2) evidence n. 證據(jù)
(3) is thought to be… 被認為是…
(4) completely adv. 完全地
(5) planet n. 星球
翻譯：
盡管磷化氫的發(fā)現(xiàn)并不是生命存在的有力證據(jù)，但這一發(fā)現(xiàn)足以改變科學家對金星的看法，盡管金星完全不適宜居住行星。
12. He died later in the hospital, despite attempts by two passengers to revive him by using cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR.（2021內(nèi)蒙古烏蘭察布3月模擬）
語法：
此句重要在despite表示轉(zhuǎn)折，意思為“盡管”，但是despite屬于介詞，后面只可以加短語或者詞匯。
詞匯：
(1) attempt v&n. 嘗試
(2) revive v. 使…復蘇
翻譯：
盡管有兩名乘客試圖用心肺復蘇術（CPR）將他救活，但他后來還是死在了醫(yī)院里。
13. However, if an automated external defibrillator, or AED, had been available at the scene, the man’s chances of survival would have been greatly improved. （2021內(nèi)蒙古烏蘭察布3月模擬）
語法：
整句話復雜在出現(xiàn)了if引導的條件狀語從句，且表示非真實的情況，即涉及到了虛擬語氣表示對過去的虛擬。
拓展：
<if引導的非真實條件句>
在含有非真實條件句的復合句中，主句和從句的謂語動詞都要用虛擬語氣，其構(gòu)成有三種形式：
與現(xiàn)在事實相反：
if條件句的謂語：were\did
主句的謂：would(could\should\might) + do
I would go if they treated me like a slave.
要是他們把我當奴隸對待，我就走。
與過去事實相反：
if條件句的謂語：had done
主句的謂：would(could\should\might)+ have done
If it had not rained this morning, I should have gone shopping.
今天早上要是沒下雨，我就去買東西了。
與將來事實相反：
if條件句的謂語：did\were, should do, were to do
主句的謂：would(could\should\might) + do
If he were here tomorrow, I would speak to him.
明天如果他在這里的話，我就和他談談。
If it should rain, the crops could be saved.
假如下雨，莊稼可能就有救了。
If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way.
要是我做這項工作，我就會以不同的方式去做。
詞匯：
(1) available adj. 可利用的；可接觸的…
(2) at the scene 在現(xiàn)場
(3) chance n. 幾率
(4) survival n. 存活 survive v. 存活
翻譯：
然而，如果現(xiàn)場有自動體外除顫器（AED），該男子的存活幾率會大大提高。
14. An emergency doctor from the hospital who attended the scene said it was highly likely the student would have died, had not a series of the correct first aid measures been applied, along with the AED. （2021內(nèi)蒙古烏蘭察布3月模擬）
語法：
(1) …who attended the scene… 此處有who引導的定語從句修飾doctor。
(2) …it was highly likely the student would have died…此處屬于it is +adj+that…的主語從句，此處省略了that。
(3) …h(huán)ad not a series of the correct first aid measures been applied, 此處語法屬于整句最難的地方。體現(xiàn)了if虛擬語氣的省略句式。
拓展：
<省略if的條件句>（常考）
在書面語中，非真實條件句中有were, had, should時，可以省略if，而把were, had, should放在主語前，用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
Were it necessary, I might go without delay. （=If it were necessary......）
如果需要的話，我可以立即去。
Had you taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam. （=If you had taken my advice......）
你要是聽了我的建議，就不會考試不及格了。
Should I have time, I would call on her. （=If I should have time......）
要是有時間，我就去看她。
詞匯：
(1) emergency n. 緊急 emergent adj. 緊急的
(2) a series of 一系列
(3) first aid measures 急救措施
翻譯：
一名到現(xiàn)場看病的醫(yī)院急診醫(yī)生說，如果沒有采取一系列正確的急救措施以及AED，該學生很可能已經(jīng)死亡。
15. 'It’s so good that we have these life-saving machines on campus, otherwise we would have heard tragic news,' she said. （2021內(nèi)蒙古烏蘭察布3月模擬）
語法：
(1) It’s so good that…此處為it is +adj+that…的主語從句。
(2) otherwise 屬于副詞，表示轉(zhuǎn)折。意思是“否則”。其后也可以加虛擬語氣表示非真實情況。
拓展：
otherwise和however的區(qū)別
otherwise 除了否則還有另外的意思，可以做形容詞和副詞
Make a note of the questions you want to ask. You will invariably forget some of them otherwise.
把想提的問題記下來，否則總是會漏掉其中的一些。
The decorations for the games have lent a splash of colour to an otherwise drab city.
為運動會所作的裝扮給原本毫無生氣的城市增添了一抹亮色。
however 一般做轉(zhuǎn)折連詞表示然而，做副詞時表示無論如何。
He was feeling bad. He went to work, however, and tried to concentrate.
他感覺不舒服。但他仍然去上班，并且努力集中精神工作。
She has the window open, however cold it is outside.
不管外面多冷她都開著窗戶。
詞匯：
(1) campus n. 校園
(2) tragic adj. 悲劇的
翻譯：
她說：“校園里有這些救生設備真是太好了，否則我們會聽到悲慘的消息”。
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