不定式的構(gòu)成非常簡單：to do sth (do 代表動詞原形)，其否定形式是not to do sth，被動形式：to be done 有時也可以不帶to。一般表示要干還沒干的事（干過的事一般用-ing形式）。動詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化， 具有名詞、形容詞和副詞等的功能，可以擔(dān)當(dāng)除謂語外的任何句子成分，即：主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語、同位語。 不定式作主語：一般位于句首，謂語用單數(shù) To go to college is our ideal. 上大學(xué)是我們的理想。 To learn foreign languages is difficult. 學(xué)外語很難。 為了平衡句子，通常用it做形式主語替不定式，即： It’s+名詞/形容詞+for/of sb.+to do sth. (注：此句式中不定式邏輯上的主語可由for或of引出，當(dāng)表語的形容詞為修飾邏輯主語sb. 的kind，nice，good，polite，clever，foolish，right，wrong等時，邏輯主語由of引出) It takes (sb.) some time (hours, months, days, a lot of time, patience...)＋to do sth 則上面兩句話可變?yōu)椋? It’s our ideal to go to college. It’s difficult (for us) to learn foreign languages. 又如：It’s kind of you to say so. 你那樣說真好。 不定式作賓語： I like to watch TV. 我喜歡看電視。 He wants to swim. 他想要游泳。 不定式作表語：常用在系動詞be, seem, appear, get, remain等后作表語，如： The meaning of the word is to go quickly. 這個詞的意思是快點(diǎn)走。 To the doctor, the most important thing is to save the lives. 對于醫(yī)生來說，最重要的是治病救人。 This suit doesn’t seem to fit her. 這套衣服似乎不合她身。 不定式作定語： 不定式作定語通常放在其修飾的名詞或代詞之后，和被修飾的名詞或代詞之間是主謂關(guān)系、動賓關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系和修飾關(guān)系。 1 ．主謂關(guān)系 Yang Liwei is the first Chinese to go into the space. 楊利偉是第一個登上太空的中國人。 The future to greet us will be bright. 我們的未來會十分美好的。 The next train to arrive was from New York. 下一列到站的火車是從紐約開來的。 2 ．動賓關(guān)系 He has something important to do. 他有重要事情要做。 On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write. 星期天，他總是有許多信要寫 The teacher left us a lot of problems to solve. 老師給我們留了許多道題要解答。 He can find no one to make friends with. 他找不到可交朋友的人。 注意：由于動詞不定式與其修飾的詞之間往往有動賓關(guān)系，因此，如果該不定式是不及物動詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。 She has a child to take care of. 她有一個孩子要照看。 There is nothing to worry about. 沒什么可擔(dān)心的。 He has no friend to depend on. 他沒有可依靠的朋友。 I've got a lot of things to see to this morning. 今天上午我有許多事情要處理。 3 ．同位關(guān)系 He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly. 他沒有遵守諾言定期給他父母親寫信。 We students should have the courage to face any difficulty. 我們學(xué)生應(yīng)該有勇氣面對任何困難。 I have no wish to quarrel with you. 我不想和你吵架。 4 ．修飾關(guān)系 Now it is time to begin our class. 現(xiàn)在是上課的時間了。 I need somewhere to take a nap. 我需要一個地方打個盹。 Is that the way to open the can 那就是打開罐頭的方法嗎？ 不定式作狀語： 1 ．表示目的 The foreigners came to China to see the Olympics. 這些老外來中國看奧運(yùn)會。（目的狀語） I'm saving up to buy a computer. 我在存錢買電腦。 To save the child, he laid down his life. 為了救那個孩子，他獻(xiàn)出了生命。 注意：有時為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出這種目的，也可以用in order (not) to do,和so as (not) to do結(jié)構(gòu)（so as to do不可以置于句首）。 He shouted and waved in order to be noticed. 為了吸引注意，他又嚷嚷又揮手。 I'll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it. 我要把他的電話號碼記下來，以防忘記。 2 ．表示結(jié)果 The box is too heavy for me to lift. 這個箱子太沉了，我提不動。 He is old enough to go to school. 他到上學(xué)的年齡了。 He got to the station only to find the train had gone. 他趕到車站，發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)開走了。 What have I said to make you so angry 我說了什么話使你氣成這樣？ After the meeting, they parted, never to see each other again. 散會后，他們分手了，從此再也沒有見面。 必背：不定式表示結(jié)果常見于下列句型。 1） so ... as to do Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle 把你的自行車借給我好嗎？ 2） such ... as to do We are not such fools as to believe him. 我們還沒蠢到竟會相信他。 3） enough… to do He didn't run fast enough to catch the train.他跑得不夠快, 沒趕上火車。 4） only to do He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石頭砸自己的腳。 5） too ... to do His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 她的視力太差了，不能看這么小的字。 注意：too...to...結(jié)構(gòu)中的形容詞如果是eager, pleased, happy, ready等，動詞不定式不表示結(jié)果，也沒有否定的意思。 The boy was too eager to get a geography book. 那個男孩非常急切地想要得到一本地理書。 He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考試結(jié)果。 3 ．表示原因 She is glad to meet us. 見到我們她很高興。 I was a fool not to listen to you at that time.我當(dāng)時不聽你的話，真是傻瓜。 She wept to find him in such a difficult situation. 看到他處于這么困難的情形，她哭了。 4 ．表示條件 A man would be blind not to see that. 一個人如果看不到這點(diǎn)，那他就是瞎子。 How can you catch the train to start so late 這么晚才動身，你怎么能趕上火車？ 不定式作補(bǔ)語： 如：warn, ask, allow, permit, order, advise, expect, wish, force, beg, +sb/sth+(not) to do sth invite, encourage, persuade, tell 不定式作同位語 His task, to clean the room, is very easy. 他的任務(wù)，即打掃房間，是很簡單的。 不定式省to的情況： 一感：feel?? 二聽：hear, listen to? 三讓：let, have, make? 四觀看：observe, see, watch., look at 使役動詞 let, have, make 等后接不定式。如：Let him go! 讓他走! 感官動詞 see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省to。如：I saw him dance. 我看見他跳舞。 would rather…than(寧愿……也不)，had better后。如： You had better stay at home.你最好呆在家里。 I would rather stay at home than go there. 我寧愿呆在家也不去那。 Why... / why not...后。如：Why not have a good rest on Sunday? 為什么星期天不好好休息一下呢? rather than, other than之后，如：Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle. 與其擠公共汽車，他總是更喜歡騎自行車。 注意：以上這些情況在被動句中可千萬不可省to 喲！ 如： The boss made them work the whole night. 變成被動句： They were made to work the whole night. 不定式的特殊用法： It作形式主語：動詞不定式可以做主語，但如果動詞不定式太長，顯得頭重腳輕的，那么我們就可用形式主語it代替，而把真正主語(即不定式)放于句尾。如: It is not difficult for me to study English well. 對我來說學(xué)好英語 。 It作形式賓語：不定式還可以充當(dāng)句子的賓語，但有些動詞，如find，think，believe 等，在語法上不能接受不定式作賓語，只有用it作形式賓語，從而把動詞不定式置于句尾。這樣的不定式可繼續(xù)充當(dāng)其賓語的作用。如: I found it difficult to fall asleep.我發(fā)現(xiàn)很難入睡。 動詞不定式還可用在how，when，where，what，which 等疑問代詞或副詞之后，與其共同作賓語。如： I don't know how to use a computer.我不知道怎樣使用電腦。 Can you tell me where to go? 你能告訴我往哪走嗎？ Mr Green didn’t know what to do. 格林先生不知道該怎么辦。 有些動詞后面既可+to do sth., 也可+doing，但含義不同。to do sth. 往往表示要干的事，而doing sth. 表示干過的事。如： go on doing sth.繼續(xù)干同一件事 go on to do sth.接著干另外一件事 stop doing sth.停止干某事 stop to do sth.停下來去干某事 forget doing sth.忘記已干了某事 forget to do sth.忘記要干某事 remember doing sth.記得已干了某事 remember to do sth. 記住要做某事 try doing sth.嘗試干某事 try to do sth.盡力/設(shè)法做某事 mean doing sth.意味著做某事 mean to do sth.打算干某事 can’t help doing sth.情不自禁干某事 can’t help (to) do sth.不能幫助 某事 regret doing sth.后悔干了某事 regret to do sth.因要做某事而遺憾 Tell him ___ the window. A. to close not B. not to close C. to not close D. not close Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning You'd better ____ the story in Japanese. A. told B. to tell C. tell D. telling The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating --- I usually go there by train. --- Why not ___ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going There are some books on the floor, would you like ____? A. to pick them up B. to pick up them C. pick it up D. pick up it She is very ill, let's _____a doctor at once. A. to wake up B. send for C. to pay for D. pay for I want _____a teacher when I grow up. A. to be B. to C. be D. being It's cold here. You'd better ______ your coat. A. not take out B. not to take down C. not take off D. not to take away My mother told me _____more water. A. drinking B. drank C. to drink D. drink You'd better _____read in the sun. A. not to B. not C. don't D. to You aren't a new driver, are you? _____. A. No, I am B. Yes, I'm not C. No, you are D. Yes, I am Must I stay here now? ______. A. No, you mustn't B. No, you needn't C. Yes, you can D. Yes, you may There is ______ "s" in the word "bus". A. a B. an C. the D. / Neither of us ______a doctor. A. is B. isn't C. are D. aren't Who was the first in the girls' ______ race? A. 400 metre B. 400-metre C. 400 metres D. 400-metres It's too noisy here, I can't ______. A. go to sleep B. fall to sleep C. sleeping D. get to sleep The story happened _______ the evening of October 20, 1995. A. at B. on C. in D. to Could I speak to Mr Gao, please? _______. He has gone to the hospital. A. I think so B. Certainly, you can C. I'm afraid not D. I'm not sure I'm sorry to trouble you, Miss Hu. _______. A. Fine, thank you. B. All right. C. It's very kind of you. D. It doesn't matter. Can you tell me where______? A. is the post office B. the post office is C. does the post office D. the post office does In England, the first name is _______name, but in China, the first name is ______ name. A. family, given B. given, family C. family, family D. given, given Li Ping met an old friend of _______ on a train yesterday. A. he B. him C. his D. her Kate is ______ girl. A. a eighteen-year-old B. a eighteen-years-old C. an eighteen -years-old D. an eighteen-year-old Our city is getting _______. A. beautiful and beautiful B. beautifuler and beautifuler C. more and more beautiful D. more beautiful and more beautiful You are so busy. What do you want me ______ for you? A. do B. done C. to do D. doing Alice asked me ______ another bag for her. A. get B. got C. to get D. getting Jane likes singing. We often hear her ______ after class. A. sing B. to sing C. sings D. singing —Mr Wang, I have trouble _______ the text. —Remember _______ it three times at least. A. to understand; reading B. understanding; reading C. understanding; to read D. to understand; to read The teacher told the students _______ in class. A. not to talk B. no talk C. not talk D don ’ t talk She’s thirsty because she forgot _____ a drink with her. A．take B．taking C．takes D．to take Jack’s mother told Jack _____ for school again. A．don’t be late B．not be late C．not to be late D．don’t to be late Will you please _____ me your maths book this afternoon. A．lending B．lend C．to lend D．borrow I don’t know _____. A．to buy which one B．to buy C．which one to buy D．buying the one The weather is very cold. We’d _____ keep the door open. A．better not to B．not better C．not better to D．better not Do you want _____ these shoes to see if they’re the right size? A．trying on B．to try on C．try on D．tries on Must I do my homework now? No, you _____. A．mustn’t B．can’t C．needn’t D．may not You _____ talk loudly in the reading-room
