聶廣
在歷代“本草”里,砒霜和雄黃都是大毒之品,而且二者都是砷劑,古人應(yīng)該不會(huì)想到,當(dāng)代的幾個(gè)中國血液病醫(yī)生竟然“化腐朽為神奇”,把它們搬到了現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)的舞臺(tái),成為戰(zhàn)勝“急性早幼粒性白血病”(APL)的利器。中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)血液分會(huì)“急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病中國診療指南(2011年版)”稱:“三氧化二砷(ATO)和口服砷劑復(fù)方黃黛片均已獲得SFDA治療APL認(rèn)證,但目前循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)多來自于ATO?!庇袑<抑赋觯骸皩?duì)于APL,采用三氧化二砷為主的序貫治療,絕大部分患者可以獲得完全治愈”。據(jù)報(bào)道,ATRA/ATO的聯(lián)合使用,可以使APL病人的4年無病生存率超過90%。按照無病生存超過5年可以認(rèn)為是治愈的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),APL有望成為可以被治愈的第一種白血病。
張亭棟與三氧化二砷
1971年,哈爾濱醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院的藥師韓太云下鄉(xiāng)巡回醫(yī)療,發(fā)現(xiàn)東北林甸縣一個(gè)公社衛(wèi)生院的一位民間中醫(yī)能治癌癥,能讓大腸癌、肝癌和食道癌等患者“起死回生”,于是幫他改為針劑(時(shí)間是1971年3月,故而命名為“713”針劑或“癌靈”注射液,由砒霜、輕粉、蟾酥等中藥組成)。后來,省衛(wèi)生廳派以張亭棟為組長的調(diào)查隊(duì)前去考察,張亭棟與韓太云從1972年開始合作開展此項(xiàng)研究工作。他們首先從分析砒霜、輕粉、蟾酥的毒副作用入手,對(duì)這三種中藥分別在臨床上進(jìn)行了對(duì)照,做了一定的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床觀察,確定治療用量,并對(duì)砒霜、輕粉、蟾酥三味藥進(jìn)行篩選。
1973年,張亭棟、韓太云用“癌靈注射液”(“癌靈1號(hào)”)治療6例慢性粒細(xì)胞白血病病人,主要用砒霜的化學(xué)成分“亞砷酸(三氧化二砷)”和微量“輕粉(氯化低汞)”。發(fā)現(xiàn)6例病人癥狀都有改善,其中1例為慢性白血病發(fā)生急性變的患者,在使用中有人出現(xiàn)了蛋白尿、頭疼、高血壓等癥狀。這一研究成果發(fā)表在《黑龍江醫(yī)藥》雜志上,是“癌靈1號(hào)”的開創(chuàng)性論文。
在以后的試驗(yàn)中,張亭棟發(fā)現(xiàn)輕粉中含有汞,可影響腎功出現(xiàn)蛋白尿,蟾酥具有升高血壓和強(qiáng)心作用,注射后病人會(huì)產(chǎn)生難耐的頭痛,因而把蟾酥和輕粉都去掉了。結(jié)果單味藥砒霜的療效并不降低,由于砒霜的主要成分是三氧化二砷,于是就直接使用,效果進(jìn)一步提高。張亭棟說:“開始用的量少只有4毫克,當(dāng)后來用到6毫克的時(shí)候臨床就表現(xiàn)出好的跡象,這樣我們就有信心了。而且副作用很小,所謂的頭疼、蛋白尿就沒有了。”
到1979年,張亭棟等發(fā)現(xiàn)“癌靈1號(hào)”治療后存活4年半和3年的兩例病人,皆為急性粒細(xì)胞性白血病。于是張亭棟和榮福祥在《黑龍江醫(yī)藥》雜志發(fā)表了題為“癌靈一號(hào)注射液與辨證論治治療急性粒細(xì)胞型白血病”的研究論文,總結(jié)了1973~1978年治療急性粒細(xì)胞型白血病55例。
進(jìn)入80年代以后,張亭棟等將主攻方向鎖定在急性粒細(xì)胞白血病上,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)M3型白血病效果尤為顯著。1992年,孫鴻德、馬玲、胡曉晨、張亭棟在《中國中西醫(yī)結(jié)合雜志》發(fā)表的“癌靈1號(hào)結(jié)合中醫(yī)辨證治療急性早幼粒白血病32例”。
1996年,張亭棟和陳竺一起去美國參加血液病年會(huì),陳竺對(duì)大家介紹說,“請(qǐng)大家記住,在砷劑治療白血病的道路上,請(qǐng)不要忘記這位同樣來自中國的中醫(yī)專家,正是他的發(fā)現(xiàn),才有了今天的成就?!?據(jù)說大會(huì)主席馬上跳下來后要求合影,說這是一次偉大的發(fā)現(xiàn),接著各國學(xué)者都相繼對(duì)這一成果表示祝賀。
是年,世界著名學(xué)術(shù)刊物《血液學(xué)》(Blood)發(fā)表了由陳竺和張亭棟撰寫的論文。該雜志點(diǎn)評(píng)認(rèn)為,這是一篇?jiǎng)?chuàng)造性論著,首次發(fā)現(xiàn)氧化砷誘導(dǎo)白血病細(xì)胞凋亡,這是繼維甲酸之后,中國學(xué)者在血液學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的又一次重大突破。世界著名雜志《科學(xué)》也發(fā)表了題為“古老的中醫(yī)學(xué)又放出新的光彩”的述評(píng)。著名血液病專家王振義院士評(píng)價(jià)張亭棟,“你的藥把我給救了,咱們手拉手,打出中國的旗幟來,走上世界。”
黃世林與復(fù)方黃黛片
古代醫(yī)書《景岳全書》、《世醫(yī)得效方》及《奇效良方》中已經(jīng)有青黃散的記載。20世紀(jì)60年代,血液病專家周靄祥教授就用青黃散(青黛、雄黃)治療白血病,并報(bào)告治療急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病獲得完全緩解,長期存活達(dá)20年。其后國內(nèi)也有報(bào)告青黃散治療白血病有效。顏德馨教授1964年報(bào)告采用中藥“55”治療急性、慢性白血病26例,“55”方由雄黃等藥組成。
1980年,黃世林教授研制以雄黃為君,青黛為臣的復(fù)方黃黛片用于急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病,CR達(dá)95%以上,90%以上的患者可獲得長期無病生存,乃至根治。后來的研究顯示:應(yīng)用復(fù)方黃黛片誘導(dǎo)治療193例APL患者,全部患者均獲CR,達(dá)CR時(shí)間為44.3±12.8d,其中30d內(nèi)獲CR31例(16.0%),31-60d獲CR152例(78.8%),>60d獲CR10例,占5.2%;療程中不出現(xiàn)骨髓抑制,無嚴(yán)重的感染、出血等并發(fā)癥,不誘發(fā)與加重DIC,療程中治療相關(guān)死亡率為0%;治療中的主要不良反應(yīng)是胃腸道癥狀,偶有可逆性谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶增高及輕度黃疸,動(dòng)態(tài)觀察110例患者治療前后的谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶、尿素、肌酐、心電圖的QTC間期等指標(biāo)變化不大。
有關(guān)黃世林學(xué)術(shù)思想及其研究論著有:(1)復(fù)方青黛片為主治療急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病的臨床研究.中華血液學(xué)雜志,l995,16(1):26;(2)黃世林治療急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病經(jīng)驗(yàn). 中醫(yī)雜志,1999,40(11):653;(3)驅(qū)邪復(fù)正法用于治療白血病的臨床基礎(chǔ)研究.中國中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2004,10(3):55;(4)驅(qū)邪復(fù)正法在治療急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病中的應(yīng)用研究.中華實(shí)用中西醫(yī)雜志,2006,19(2):194;(5)復(fù)方黃黛片誘導(dǎo)治療急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病193例療效分析. 中華血液學(xué)雜志,2009,30(7):440;(6)復(fù)方黃黛片治療復(fù)發(fā)急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病的臨床研究. 中國中醫(yī)急癥,2007,16(9):1066;(7)急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病緩解后治療的臨床研究.中華內(nèi)科雜志,1995,34(10):701;(8)中藥主治急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病長期緩解治療方案的研究.中華中醫(yī)藥雜志,2002,12:1;(9)復(fù)方黃黛片與化療交替應(yīng)用對(duì)急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病患者長期生存的影響.臨床血液學(xué)雜志,2003,16(5):204;(10)復(fù)方黃黛片及其與化療序貫應(yīng)用清除APL-PML/RARα融合基因臨床研究. 臨床血液學(xué)雜志,2008,21(3):154。
陳竺夫婦的貢獻(xiàn)
1978年,作為改革開放后的第一批研究生,陳竺和陳賽娟(后來成為伉儷)師從于我國血栓與止血專業(yè)的開創(chuàng)者之一上海第二醫(yī)學(xué)院血液學(xué)家王振義教授。
1981年,陳竺獲得碩士學(xué)位,和陳賽娟一起留在上海瑞金醫(yī)院工作。1984年,陳竺獲到法國圣·路易醫(yī)院血液中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)修,1年后攻讀分子生物學(xué)博士。其后,陳賽娟也在1986年來到陳竺所在的血液中心,攻讀細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)博士。
1989年1月,陳竺和陳賽娟先后獲得博士學(xué)位,7月,夫妻雙雙來到上海血液學(xué)研究所,專心致力于維甲酸分化治療白血病機(jī)制的探索。1990年,他們的研究小組和國際上的幾個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),位于15號(hào)染色體上的早幼粒白血病基因與17號(hào)染色體上的維甲酸受體基因易位,形成特定的融合基因,導(dǎo)致急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病。這是一個(gè)重要的發(fā)現(xiàn),闡明了該疾病的發(fā)病原理和運(yùn)用全反式維甲酸治療的分子機(jī)理。
雖然反式維甲酸治療APL有不錯(cuò)的療效,但仍然還有20%-50%的患者復(fù)發(fā),并產(chǎn)生抗藥性,因此還得尋找新的辦法來治療復(fù)發(fā)的患者。1994年,在一次國內(nèi)學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議上,陳賽娟偶然遇見了來自哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)的張亭棟,得知他們用砒霜(三氧化二砷)白血病有一定療效。他們夫婦開始查資料,得知在2000多年前的中醫(yī)典籍和古希臘的醫(yī)學(xué)記載中都有“砒霜”這種藥,19世紀(jì)西醫(yī)曾使用砒霜治白血病,中藥也采用“以毒攻毒”的觀點(diǎn)來治療銀屑病和梅毒。他們很快與張亭棟建立了合作關(guān)系,在體外的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,砒霜不僅能作用于早幼粒白血病癌細(xì)胞,而且還有劑量依賴的雙重效果,即在較大劑量時(shí)誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,而在較低劑量時(shí)則誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞分化,機(jī)理是砒霜能選擇性誘導(dǎo)早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病的致病蛋白質(zhì)發(fā)生降解。這些工作的系列論文發(fā)表在美國的《血液》期刊上。1996年8月2日出版的美國《科學(xué)》雜志發(fā)表文章說:用全反式維甲酸治療急性早幼粒白血病使人感到震驚的同一研究小組又取得了驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)。
進(jìn)一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),維甲酸和砷劑實(shí)際上是通過不同的途徑,靶向作用于該型白血病的同一關(guān)鍵致病基因編碼的蛋白質(zhì)。臨床試驗(yàn)中,“協(xié)同靶向治療”的設(shè)想可以使90%以上的患者長期無病生存。國際同行評(píng)價(jià):早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病有可能成為人類第一個(gè)可治愈的急性粒細(xì)胞白血病。
可以說,陳竺夫婦之所以能夠在院士的神圣殿堂比翼雙飛,很大程度受惠于砒霜和雄黃,分析他們?nèi)〉萌绱顺删偷脑蚩赡苁牵?/p>
?。?)機(jī)遇垂青有準(zhǔn)備的頭腦:在改革開放之初,他們雙雙考上了血液學(xué)家王振義教授的研究生,而導(dǎo)師在此期間正好根據(jù)國際上采用誘導(dǎo)分化治療白血病的設(shè)想,陰差陽錯(cuò)地利用上海的藥廠只能合成出全反式維甲酸進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)(原計(jì)劃采用13順式維甲酸),1985年首次用于急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病的治療,獲得滿意結(jié)果,開創(chuàng)了將白血病細(xì)胞“改造”成接近“正常”細(xì)胞的先例(國外學(xué)者后來證明,13順式維甲酸對(duì)白血病的療效不佳)。
?。?)國際視野讓他們具備更高素養(yǎng):陳竺曾回憶說,“1987年,我的導(dǎo)師王振義先生帶領(lǐng)上海血液學(xué)研究所突破白血病分化治療的方法,但在向國際一著名血液學(xué)期刊投稿時(shí),論文被兩次拒絕。第一次說結(jié)果令人懷疑,學(xué)術(shù)上有問題,第二次說英文寫作有問題。當(dāng)時(shí),一位著名的美國血液學(xué)教授正在上海訪問,他看了研究結(jié)果后覺得很不公正,于是按美國人的英文標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將論文重寫了一遍,并要求該期刊務(wù)必接受,這樣論文才得以發(fā)表。論文發(fā)表后即引起轟動(dòng),被譽(yù)為白血病治療的‘中國革命’?!憋@然,王振義教授后來成為院士也與該論文的發(fā)表密切相關(guān)。而且,如前所述張亭棟和黃世林的成名也與陳竺夫婦的的工作和推薦有關(guān)。
?。?)淘寶精神:我讓學(xué)生搜索了陳竺夫婦發(fā)表的關(guān)于白血病的英文文獻(xiàn)(附圖),其中相當(dāng)多的文獻(xiàn)涉及中醫(yī)藥研究,所以陳竺院士自稱為“中醫(yī)迷”。記得當(dāng)年他們對(duì)張亭棟的研究也是將信將疑,但當(dāng)他們正式合作以后就發(fā)現(xiàn),中藥里面確實(shí)存在寶藏,于是一發(fā)而不可收。陳竺夫婦的貢獻(xiàn),是把三氧化二砷治療急性早幼粒性白血病的效果推廣介紹到國際上,并找到了三氧化二砷的治療靶點(diǎn),使三氧化二砷治療白血病的研究國際化(其主要臨床研究見表1。如今,研究證明三氧化二砷可通過誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞分化和凋亡、降解PML—RARo、清除LIC、抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖和抑制血管生成等多條途徑發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用,其中三氧化二砷和維甲酸分別作用于PML—RAR0的PML部分和RAR僅部分,協(xié)同降解PML—RARa而無交叉耐藥,被認(rèn)為是治療APL最重要的分子機(jī)制,也是臨床以ATRA+As2O3聯(lián)合治療APL的重要理論依據(jù),樹立了腫瘤靶向治療的成功典范)。
附:陳竺夫婦發(fā)表的有關(guān)“白血病”研究文章(英文)
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55. Chen SJ,Zhou GB. Targeted therapy: The new lease on life for acute promyelocytic leukemia, and beyond. IUBMB Life. 2012 Aug;64(8):671-5.
57. Yang HT,Wu DH,Xue XY,Liang WX,Miao XY,Pang H,Chen SJ. Cloning,expression, purification and crystallization of NHR3 domain from acute myelogenous leukemia-related protein AML1-ETO. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2004 Aug;36(8):566-70.
58. Chen SJ,Chen LJ,Zhou GB. Basic and clinical studies of the gene product-targeting therapy based on leukemogenesis--editorial. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2005 Feb;13(1):1-8. Chinese.
59. Zhen T,Chen SJ. Progress on targeted therapy of acute myeloid leukemia with active components of Chinese herbal medicines. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2009 Jan;29(1):14-8. Chinese.
60. Shi L,Wang YY,Chen SJ. Recent progress of study on retroviral mediated mouse model of myeloid leukemia --review. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2011 Aug;19(4):1058-63.
61. Shi WY,Wang L,Xiao D,Yao Y,Yang F,Jiang XX,Leboeuf C,Janin A,Chen SJ,Zhao WL. Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib targeted tumor-endothelial cell interaction in T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Ann Hematol. 2011 Jan;90(1):53-8.
62. Wang QR,Shi JY,Shi L,Chen SJ. Mutational detection of full-length mixed lineage leukemia gene in patients with de novo AML-M4 and M5. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2012 Feb;20(1):12-7
63. Wang L,Shi WY,Yang F,Tang W,Gapihan G,Varna M,Shen ZX,Chen SJ,Leboeuf C, Janin A,Zhao WL. Bevacizumab potentiates chemotherapeutic effect on T-leukemia/lymphoma cells by direct action on tumor endothelial cells. Haematologica. 2011 Jun;96(6):927-31.
64. Wang Y,Gu MM,Tan Y,Lu SY,Wang L,Kong H,Sun YP,Lu ZY,Chen SJ,Wang ZY, Wang ZG. Development of human myeloid leukemia-like phenotype in NUP98-PMX1 transgenic mice. Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2004 May;25(5):262-5. Chinese
65. Chen SJ. Mutation associations in RA-defiant APL. Blood. 2012 Sep 6;120(10):1969-70.
66. Dong S,Chen SJ,Tweardy DJ. Cross-talk between retinoic acid and STAT3 signaling pathways in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2003 Dec;44(12):2023-9. Review.
67. Chen SJ,Zhou GB. Targeted therapy: The new lease on life for acute promyelocytic leukemia,and beyond. IUBMB Life. 2012 Aug;64(8):671-5.
68. Zhen T,Chen SJ. Progress on targeted therapy of acute myeloid leukemia with active components of Chinese herbal medicines. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2009 Jan;29(1):14-8. Chinese.
69. Yang HT,Wu DH,Xue XY,Liang WX,Miao XY,Pang H,Chen SJ. Cloning,expression, purification and crystallization of NHR3 domain from acute myelogenous leukemia-related protein AML1-ETO. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2004 Aug;36(8):566-70.
70. Chen SJ,Chen LJ,Zhou GB. Basic and clinical studies of the gene product-targeting therapy based on leukemogenesis--editorial. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2005 Feb;13(1):1-8. Chinese.
71. Zhen T,Chen SJ. Progress on targeted therapy of acute myeloid leukemia with active components of Chinese herbal medicines. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2009 Jan;29(1):14-8. Chinese.
72. Shi L,Wang YY,Chen SJ. Recent progress of study on retroviral mediated mouse model of myeloid leukemia -- review. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2011 Aug;19(4):1058-63.
73. Shi WY,Wang L,Xiao D,Yao Y,Yang F,Jiang XX,Leboeuf C,Janin A,Chen SJ,Zhao WL. Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib targeted tumor-endothelial cell interaction in T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Ann Hematol. 2011 Jan;90(1):53-8.
74. Wang QR,Shi JY,Shi L,Chen SJ. Mutational detection of full-length mixed lineage leukemia gene in patients with de novo AML-M4 and M5. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2012 Feb;20(1):12-7
75. Wang L,Shi WY,Yang F,Tang W,Gapihan G,Varna M,Shen ZX,Chen SJ,Leboeuf C, Janin A,Zhao WL. Bevacizumab potentiates chemotherapeutic effect on T-leukemia/lymphoma cells by direct action on tumor endothelial cells. Haematologica. 2011 Jun;96(6):927-31.
76. Wang Y,Gu MM,Tan Y,Lu SY,Wang L,Kong H,Sun YP,Lu ZY,Chen SJ,Wang ZY,Wang ZG. Development of human myeloid leukemia-like phenotype in NUP98-PMX1 transgenic mice. Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2004 May;25(5):262-5. Chinese
77. Chen SJ. Mutation associations in RA-defiant APL. Blood. 2012 Sep 6;120(10):1969-70.
78. Dong S,Chen SJ,Tweardy DJ. Cross-talk between retinoic acid and STAT3 signaling pathways in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2003 Dec;44(12):2023-9. Review.
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