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Phonics教學(xué)在美國至少已經(jīng)有百年以上的歷史了。適當(dāng)?shù)腜honics教學(xué),一直被認(rèn)為是最有效、最直接教授母語閱讀的方法。美國學(xué)者Adams(1990)在PhonicsInstruction for the Nineties 里指出,出現(xiàn)在初級閱讀材料中的詞匯,其語音和字母間的對應(yīng)關(guān)系相當(dāng)穩(wěn)定。孩子通常能從出現(xiàn)頻率最高的37個音組中,拼出大約500個最常使用的詞匯。
國際音標(biāo) 和Phonics的區(qū)別?
國際音標(biāo)如同中文的拼音系統(tǒng),是另外形成的輔助系統(tǒng),是為母語不是英語的學(xué)習(xí)者所服務(wù)的。整個系統(tǒng)完整但規(guī)則相對抽象,對非母語系學(xué)習(xí)者確實相當(dāng)有幫助。但學(xué)習(xí)一套全新的符號及其發(fā)音規(guī)則,對小學(xué)高年級或初中生都不是很容易,更何況是初學(xué)英語的小孩子呢。
Phonics 屬于英語拼字系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)在機(jī)制,經(jīng)過百多年來的發(fā)展和完善,已是美國孩子的必學(xué)課程。Phonics 更注重英文字母和其發(fā)音的對應(yīng)關(guān)系,可以迅速提升英語閱讀能力。對于英語為母語的學(xué)習(xí)者,因為有口語優(yōu)勢,在發(fā)現(xiàn)字母和發(fā)音的對應(yīng)關(guān)系后,只要能把字的音念出來,就很容易聯(lián)想到該字的意思,能直接認(rèn)字或拼字。而中國孩子雖然沒有母語背景、但Phonics 對于幫助認(rèn)字、拼字、提高閱讀能力,及從小教授正確英語發(fā)音方面仍然具有巨大的積極意義。
總的來說,這兩者對中國學(xué)習(xí)者都是不可或缺的,只是適合學(xué)習(xí)的年齡段有所不同而已。只掌握音標(biāo),會造成現(xiàn)在很多中國孩子都有的碰到生詞就無法開口的現(xiàn)象。要知道除了字典,很少有國外書籍或繪本、讀本會標(biāo)注音標(biāo)哦,無法發(fā)音就會嚴(yán)重破壞閱讀的流暢性,進(jìn)而影響到孩子的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。而只掌握Phonics,會讓孩子發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著學(xué)習(xí)深入到脫離初級英語范圍后,越來越多的單詞無法直接用Phonics拼出,發(fā)生和不少歐美人士一樣的閱讀困難現(xiàn)象。英語發(fā)展千百年來,不斷吸收各語種詞匯,而中國孩子缺乏口語環(huán)境,發(fā)生讀音差錯不足為奇。若能引入易學(xué)實用的Phonics,然后再系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)國際音標(biāo),將使孩子受用終身!
一旦孩子們學(xué)習(xí)了這種不用音標(biāo)的發(fā)音規(guī)律可以很快學(xué)會拼讀不認(rèn)識的單詞,提前進(jìn)入閱讀領(lǐng)域,使英語學(xué)習(xí)變得簡單、快樂、有趣^_^
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英語自然拼讀學(xué)習(xí)的六階成功法
第一階:建立字母與字母自然發(fā)音之間的直接聯(lián)系。
第二階:能夠成功拼讀元音+輔音(輔音+元音)。如:c-a ca;a-t at
第三階:能夠成功拼讀輔音+元音+輔音。如d-o-g dog
第四階:能夠成功拼讀雙音節(jié)或多音節(jié)單詞。如sw-ea-t-er sweater
第五階:能夠看詞讀音,即看到單詞就能拼讀出該詞匯讀音;聽音辨字,即聽到單詞讀音就能拼寫出該單詞。
第六階:單詞量大量擴(kuò)充,能夠閱讀英語文章。
1. 自然拼讀法的第一步是掌握二十六個字母的讀音 (Letter Sounds). 其中五個元音字母(a, e, i, o, u)發(fā)兩種音。
2. 第二步是進(jìn)行單元音字母的拼讀練習(xí),如: Sam, cat, mat 等。
3. 第三步, 是固定讀音的單詞 : the, a, is, to, have 等。
4. 第四步,是一個單詞里有兩個元音時,前邊一個元音發(fā)字母音,后邊一個元音不發(fā)音,如: make, made, sea, five, nine, road 等。
5. 第五步, 是雙/三輔音在一起時怎么聯(lián)讀, 如:bl(ack), str(eet)等;有一些輔音不發(fā)音,如: ghost,comb, lamb等;要掌握一下和'h'聯(lián)在一起的發(fā)音: ch, sh, th, wh。
6. 第六步,是特殊讀法:
單音節(jié)詞,以元音結(jié)尾, 這個元音發(fā)字母音.如: me, hi, go 等。
Irregular: ar (car), ay (hay, may, say), igh (high,night, might), ew (new), er (sister, brother), ur (burn, hurt), ir (girl, fir,firm), or (horn), eigh (eight), oi (oil, boil), oy (boy), ow 等有其特別的發(fā)音。'c' 和'k' 在一起時, 發(fā)一個音: quick, black 等。
自然拼音拼讀練習(xí)表
第一天:a e i o u a_e e_e i_e o_e u_e
Aa:mat map bag cat hat fan bat apple
Ee:egg well red pen net hen bed bell
Ii:lick six big pig pin kiss ink hill
Oo:ox on octopus box sock operate ostrich
Uu:sun umbrella cup bus nut gun uncle under
a_e:cape name tape lake gamemake take hate
e_e:eve these Japanese Chinese
i_e:bite five nine kite mine nice ride side
o_e:rose nose rope note pose home rode those
u_e:tube cube June cute huge
第二天:ai ay ee ea ey ie igh oa ow ui ue
ai:tail rain paint pain jail rail nail maid
ay:bay ray way say hay pay May lay
ee:reed seel bee peel jeep feet see teeth
ea:sea meat peanut eagle peach tea leaf pea
ey:donkey monkey jockey turkey monkey hockey key
ie:tie pie lie die
igh:right sight night tight hight fight high sigh
oa:road toast toad coal goat boat coat soap
ow:rainbow pillow yellow window bowl row low
ui:suit juice fruit
ue:Sue blue glue true
第三天:ar er ir ur or
ar:arm car armchair card cart farm park garden
er:sister brother under rooster winter mermaid
ir:birthday circus dirty bird circle dirt girl
ur:turtle surfing turkey fur hurt purse nurse
or:porch pork horse horn fort morning corn fork
第四天:ou ow oi oy au aw oo ooea
ou:house out mouth count mouse mountain shout
ow:cow towel clown owl crown brown flower tower
oi:coin oil point noise boil soil poison coil
oy:oyster boy cowboy soy toy
au:August sause sausage naughty autumn applause
aw:paw draw saw straw strawberry lawn
oo:moon zoo roof rooster boots food spoonroom cool fool boom foolish
oo:book cook good foot look hook
ea:head sweater sweat pear lead bear leather
第五天:ch sh wh ph th th kn wrmb
ch:beach lunch cheese bench church chicken chair cherry
sh:sheep shirt ship fish dish push shoes shovel
wh:whale white wheel wheat whip whistle wheel chair whisper
ph:photo elephant telephone trophy alphabet
th:brother feather leather father mother
th:thumb three bath thirsty thief bathmouth teeth
kn:knob knee knife knock knit
wr:wrist wrinkle wrap wreath write
mb:thumb lamb bomb comb crumb numb
第六天:bl fl pl cl gl br cr gr pr fr tr dr
bl:blue black blouse bloom bleach blanket blonde
fl:flat flu fly flame flute floor flag flower
pl:plane play plus planet platform plum plate plant
cl:clock cloud clean clay climb close clap clown
gl:glove globe glass glue glasses glider
br:bright brook brim bride brown bread brick brother
cr:crown crab cream crow crayon crocodile cry croissant
gr:gray green grass grapes ground grow grandma
pr:prixe price prawn press prince princess pray
fr:frog frost Friday French fries fruit front friend frame
tr:tractor truck train tray tree triangle trunk trolley
dr:dream drum dry drop draw drive dress drink
第七天:sm sn sl sw sp st sc sk all ew y
sm:smile small smell smoke smooth
sn:snowman snow snoresnake snail sneaker snack
sl:slow slap sleep slide slope sled
sw:switch swallow swan swim sweet swing sweater sweat
sp:spider spaceship spinach spoon spell
st:stockings store star stamp storm stick student stand
sc:scarf scooter scanner scarecrow scale scorpion scoop
sk:skunk skis skirt skates
all:call tall fall ball wall
ew:dew few view hew new nephew newspaper
Yy:sky fly dry spy type shy cry my
Yy:Miny sunny puppy dizzy dirty pony happy baby
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自然拼音強(qiáng)化練習(xí):Tongue twister
1.A big black bear sat on a big black bug.
2.A big black bug bit a big black dog on his big black nose!
3.Cat, Cat, catch that fat rat.
4.A fat cat catches a mad rat.
5.Blue glue gun, green glue gun.
6.Black background,brown background.
7.A noisy noise annoys an oyster.
8.A good cook can cook good cookies.
9.At noon I took a good book,and sat by the pool in the wood.I soon took off my boot. And put my foot in the pool. Oh! How cool, how cool.
10.The hunter and his huge horse hide behind in the house.
11.Betty better butter Brad's bread.
12.Two tiny tigers take two taxis to town.
13.The first is the first. The third is the third. The third can be the first, The first can be the third.
14.Sir, this girl wearing a dirty skirt is not the first, but the third.
15.A flea and a fly flew up in a flue. Said the flea, 'Let us fly!' Said the fly, 'Let us flee!' So they flew through a flaw in the flue.
16.I wish you were a fish in my dish.
17.Jean's three sheep are near the green jeep.
18.There are thirty-three thousand three hundred and thirty-three feathers on that bird's throat.
19.Neither father nor mother likes this weather.
20.It’s a goat, sitting in a boat, wearing a coat and writing a note. It’s a bear, sitting on a chair, holding a pear and combing its hair.It’s a cock, sitting on a rock, wearing a sock and looking at a clock. It’s a fly, wearing a tie, holding a pie and waving good bye.
語言的習(xí)得,是一種習(xí)慣的養(yǎng)成,英語的學(xué)習(xí),需要每天一點一滴的積累。
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