中文字幕理论片,69视频免费在线观看,亚洲成人app,国产1级毛片,刘涛最大尺度戏视频,欧美亚洲美女视频,2021韩国美女仙女屋vip视频

打開APP
userphoto
未登錄

開通VIP,暢享免費(fèi)電子書等14項(xiàng)超值服

開通VIP
【綜述與講座】熊脫氧膽酸在慢性肝病中應(yīng)用及機(jī)制的再認(rèn)識

張林林,樊玉娟,譚波,李玥,蔣健,裘福榮 

 上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬曙光醫(yī)院臨床藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,上海 201203 

國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目( 81173118)

張林林,女,碩士研究生,研究方向:中藥藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)。

Tel:021-20256536    

E-mail:Zhang_ll3569@ 163. com

裘福榮,通信作者,男,主任藥師,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:中藥藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)。

Tel:021-20256536        

E-mail: Furong_qiu@ 126.  com

摘要 熊脫氧膽酸(ursodeoxycholic acid,UDCA)具有“保肝作用”,廣泛應(yīng)用于治療各種慢性肝病,包括原發(fā)性膽汁性肝硬化(primary biliary cirrhosis,PBC)、原發(fā)性硬化性膽管炎(primary sclerosing cholangitis,PSC)、囊性纖維化(cystic fibrosis,CF)等,缺乏陽性藥物對照,故對UDCA治療慢性肝病的臨床療效機(jī)制尚不十分明確。近年來,由于UDCA不良事件報(bào)道日益增多,尤其在高劑量下,UDCA已表現(xiàn)出顯著毒性。本文對UDCA在慢性肝病的臨床應(yīng)用及其機(jī)制進(jìn)行探討,為臨床合理應(yīng)用UDCA治療肝病提供參考。

關(guān)鍵詞 熊脫氧膽酸;肝??;利膽劑;毒性

      熊脫氧膽酸(ursodeoxycholic acid,UDCA)是一種次級膽酸,由初級膽酸鵝去氧膽酸(chenodeoxycholic acid,CDCA)7β差相異構(gòu)形成。在我國,熊膽入藥始載于《藥性論》,距今已有1 300 多年。20世紀(jì)初,瑞典學(xué)者Hammarsen 從北極熊的膽汁中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種膽酸,命名為熊膽酸[1]。1927年日本的shoaa從熊膽中也分離并結(jié)晶出這種膽酸,并把它命名為熊脫氧膽酸[2]。直到上世紀(jì)50年代UDCA作為利膽劑應(yīng)用于臨床[3]。70年代有學(xué)者報(bào)道UDCA 具有溶解膽固醇型膽結(jié)石作用[4],80年代發(fā)現(xiàn)UDCA對多種慢性肝病有改善作用[5]。但目前UDCA對慢性肝病的治療效果仍缺乏確證性研究[6-8]

隨著臨床廣泛應(yīng)用,UDCA治療慢性肝病的療效有限,但不良反應(yīng)的報(bào)道逐年增多[9-13]。本文就UDCA在慢性肝病應(yīng)用問題及其潛在機(jī)制進(jìn)行探討,以期為UDCA在相關(guān)肝病的臨床應(yīng)用及其機(jī)制研究提供參考。

1、慢性肝病臨床應(yīng)用

UDCA在慢性肝病的應(yīng)用已非常廣泛,包括:原發(fā)性膽汁性肝硬化(primary biliary cirrhosis,PBC)、原發(fā)性硬化性膽管炎(primary sclerosing cholangitis,PSC)、囊性纖維化(cystic fibrosis,CF)、妊娠性肝內(nèi)膽汁淤積(intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy,ICP)、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)等。

1.1原發(fā)性膽汁性肝硬化

PBC是一種自身免疫性疾病,以肝內(nèi)膽管進(jìn)行炎癥和破壞為特征,最終導(dǎo)致肝硬化[14],目前缺乏十分有效的治療方法。UDCA是FDA最早批準(zhǔn)的用于治療PBC的藥物[15],有肝臟酶學(xué)異常的PBC患者,無論其組織學(xué)分期如何均推薦長期口服UDCA 13~15 mg·kg-1·d-1[16]。UDCA可降低PBC患者血清堿性磷酸酶(Alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、總膽紅素(total bilirubin ,TBIL)水平[17]。Rudic等[6]系統(tǒng)評價(jià)16個(gè)隨機(jī)臨床試驗(yàn)包括1 447例PBC患者,其中14個(gè)試驗(yàn)是UDCA與安慰劑比較,2個(gè)試驗(yàn)是UDCA與“無干預(yù)”比較,分析發(fā)現(xiàn)UDCA在PBC患者的死亡率或肝移植率上與安慰劑組比較差異并無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。UDCA的影響僅限于改善血清生化指標(biāo),如TBIL、ALP、ALT、AST水平,并不能改善瘙癢、疲勞的癥狀,肝組織學(xué)和門靜脈壓力也無顯著改善。約有40 %的PBC患者對UDCA應(yīng)答不完全[18],即不能降低血清生化指標(biāo)。最新隨機(jī)臨床試驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)法尼醇受體(farnesoid X receptor agonists,F(xiàn)XR)的強(qiáng)效激動(dòng)劑6-乙基鵝去氧膽酸(obeticholic acid,OCA),與安慰劑組比較能顯著降低ALP水平[19]。FDA最近也批準(zhǔn)了OCA在PBC的使用[20]。對于UDCA治療無應(yīng)答患者需要尋找新的治療方法,針對免疫應(yīng)答、膽道損傷和纖維化過程提出多途徑、多靶點(diǎn)治療[21],如UDCA聯(lián)合布地奈德、聯(lián)合非諾貝特治療 [21-22]。針對免疫療法包括抗蛋白CD20、抗白細(xì)胞介素-12,細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞抗原4免疫球蛋白,抗CXCL10受體和骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞[22],這些治療處于在臨床研究階段。

PBC病人患肝癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),隨時(shí)間的增加不受UDCA治療的影響,10和15年的發(fā)病率分別為9%和20%[23]。雖然UDCA在PBC的治療效果上一直存在爭議,但無癥狀患者,即無嚴(yán)重纖維化(liver stiffness measurement<9.6 kPa),也沒有自身免疫性肝炎的患者和基于Paris-II標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對UDCA的治療有適當(dāng)生化反應(yīng)的患者,可采用UDCA治療[24]

1.2原發(fā)性硬化性膽管炎

PSC是一種肝內(nèi)和/或肝外膽管炎癥和纖維化造成的慢性膽汁淤積性肝病,膽汁淤積最終可能導(dǎo)致肝硬化及肝功能衰竭死亡[25]。經(jīng)UDCA治療,可以改善PSC患者的生化指標(biāo),但不能降低ALP水平[26-27]。根據(jù)Mohamed的7項(xiàng)符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)的Meta分析,其中4項(xiàng)研究采用低劑量UDCA(8~15 mg/kg),3項(xiàng)研究采用高劑量UDCA(17~30 mg/kg)。得出UDCA與安慰劑比較并不能降低死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(RR=1.04,95% CI 0.46~2.35)或需要肝移植的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(RR=1.22,95% CI 0.7~2.12),也并不能減少膽管癌和結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病率[28-29]。Ewa 0等人前瞻性評估持續(xù)給藥UDCA的PSC患者停藥情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)停藥三個(gè)月內(nèi),會(huì)引起PSC患者肝生化指標(biāo)顯著惡化及膽汁酸代謝產(chǎn)物濃度的變化,部分患者出現(xiàn)瘙癢增多的情況[30]。目前對于PSC患者沒有明確的藥物治療方案,UDCA用于治療PSC的劑量在15~20 mg·kg-1·d-1,需注意使用高劑量產(chǎn)生的不良反應(yīng)[31-32]。新的治療方法正在研究當(dāng)中,包括:膽汁酸類似物24-nor UDCA(UDCA側(cè)鏈縮短至23的同源物)、FXR激動(dòng)劑OCA、其他核受體激活劑(如過氧化物酶體增生物激活受體,維生素D受體和維生素A受體)此外,還有靶向腸肝軸的藥物[ASBT(apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter)抑制劑]及單克隆抗體[MAdCAM(mucosal adressin cell adhesion molecule)抑制劑]等[33-34]

1.3囊性纖維化

CF是發(fā)病率較高的遺傳性疾病,與之相關(guān)的肝臟疾病已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)重大的醫(yī)療問題[35]。CF患者的肝功能范圍從輕度的肝炎到肝硬化和門靜脈高壓癥[36]。1999年,北美共識指南就推薦用UDCA治療囊性纖維化相關(guān)肝臟疾?。╟ystic fibrosis with associated liver disease,CFLD)[37]。盡管指南認(rèn)為沒有證據(jù)表明UDCA在CFLD短期或長期的治療效果,推薦是基于UDCA在CFLD治療中沒有不良反應(yīng)的報(bào)道,目前缺乏臨床證據(jù)表明CFLD受益于UDCA治療,而且,基于最近UDCA在其他膽汁淤積性疾病使用的經(jīng)驗(yàn),討論UDCA潛在的副作用和使用劑量是必要的[8,38]。一項(xiàng)對20例采用UDCA治療至少2年以上的CFLD患者在仍服用UDCA(20 mg·kg-1·d-1)的狀態(tài)下,于空腹和餐后2 h分別進(jìn)行總膽汁酸和個(gè)別膽汁酸的含量檢測,結(jié)果表明相對高劑量的UDCA并不能增加CFLD患者次級膽汁酸LCA(肝毒性)的生物轉(zhuǎn)化[39]。

1.4妊娠性肝內(nèi)膽汁淤積

對于ICP,低劑量UDCA(450 mg/d)治療可改善孕婦肝功能,對孕婦有很好的耐受性且沒有檢測到對胎兒或新生兒的副作用[40]。一項(xiàng)包含五個(gè)隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)的Meta分析也表明UDCA較S-腺苷甲硫氨酸能更有效的改善ICP的瘙癢,降低TBA、ALP水平[41]。

1.5非酒精性脂肪性肝炎

目前NASH的診斷主要依據(jù)臨床和病理特點(diǎn)作出,且還沒有生化的或組織學(xué)的標(biāo)志可以判定何種病人會(huì)繼續(xù)發(fā)展到肝病末期。由于NASH不明確的發(fā)病機(jī)制,其治療主要采取經(jīng)驗(yàn)療法。Xiang[42]等回顧性分析了關(guān)于UDCA對NASH患者治療的隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)的12篇文獻(xiàn),其中6篇中文文獻(xiàn)包括1 160名受試者,7篇是關(guān)于UDCA單獨(dú)治療的評估試驗(yàn)。治療期從3至24個(gè)月,2篇研究的是使用UDCA高劑量(23~25 mg·kg-1·d-1)。得出UDCA能有效治療NASH,尤其是當(dāng)與其他藥物聯(lián)合使用時(shí)。但對于高劑量UDCA,一項(xiàng)研究表明高劑量UDCA顯著改善ALT、γ-GT和肝纖維化,而另一項(xiàng)研究表明高劑量UDCA對于ALT和肝病理沒有顯著地改變。故研究結(jié)果的異質(zhì)性阻礙進(jìn)一步的Meta分析。4個(gè)隨機(jī)臨床試驗(yàn)的Meta分析,隨機(jī)化分析279例病患在UDCA治療后死亡率或者肝功能檢測,未發(fā)現(xiàn)顯著的差異。由于放射學(xué)和組織學(xué)反應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)太少,也無法得出任何明確的結(jié)論[43]。高劑量的UDCA在185例NASH患者中與安慰劑比較未能提高整體組織學(xué)的表現(xiàn)[44]

對于UDCA在NASH的使用,目前既沒有足夠的證據(jù)確證其療效,也不能反駁,但相對于UDCA的使用,目前已經(jīng)有幾種UDCA衍生物(如nor UDCA)在前期臨床模型中顯示出較強(qiáng)的活性,值得進(jìn)行臨床試驗(yàn)[45]。此外,有臨床試驗(yàn)觀察到UDCA合并維生素E較UDCA單獨(dú)用藥更有效[46]。

Pelletier等采用13~15 mg·kg-1·d-1 的UDCA治療酒精引起的肝硬化和黃疸患者,進(jìn)行隨機(jī)多中心對照研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)治療PBC的劑量對嚴(yán)重酒精肝硬化患者6個(gè)月內(nèi)的生存率沒有影響[47]。

1.6進(jìn)行性家族性肝內(nèi)膽汁淤積癥

進(jìn)行性家族性肝內(nèi)膽汁淤積癥(progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis,PFIC)指的是兒童期的一組異質(zhì)性的常染色體隱性遺傳疾病,影響膽汁的形成和呈現(xiàn)肝細(xì)胞性的膽汁淤積。確切的患病率仍然是未知的,但估計(jì)新生兒發(fā)病率在五萬分之一和十萬分之一之間。Emmanuel建議所有類型PFIC兒童患者的初始治療方案都可考慮UDCA治療,UDCA治療可能對某些病情較輕的患者有效,尤其PFIC3患者[48-49]

1.7藥物性肝損傷(drug-induced liver injury,DILI)

DILI是治療劑量藥物引起發(fā)病和死亡的一個(gè)重要原因。但其發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確。藥物性膽汁淤積可能是肝細(xì)胞膽汁形成缺陷或膽管膽汁分泌或流動(dòng)損傷的結(jié)果。對于具膽汁淤積的DILI臨床上可嘗試用UDCA進(jìn)行治療。但是,UDCA在藥物性膽汁淤積的確切療效仍缺乏對照研究[50]。UDCA不能減輕有明顯癥狀患者的膽石癥,有癥狀的膽結(jié)石患者的早期膽囊切除術(shù)是必要的[51]。Meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn)UDCA對患者肝移植后急性肝損傷的預(yù)防作用未被證實(shí)[52]。

UDCA對慢性肝病具有“肝保護(hù)”作用,經(jīng)循證醫(yī)學(xué)證明UDCA對病理/發(fā)病/死亡或生活質(zhì)量沒有影響。此外,增加UDCA的臨床使用劑量,患者的死亡率急劇升高[9]。

2、UDCA臨床效應(yīng)可能機(jī)制

膽汁酸是膽固醇代謝終產(chǎn)物,在肝合成排泄到膽汁,分泌入膽汁前經(jīng)甘氨或牛磺酸酰胺化結(jié)合形成結(jié)合型膽汁酸,通過膽管流到小腸。膽汁酸作為信號分子具內(nèi)分泌和旁分泌功能,不僅調(diào)節(jié)自身的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡,而且調(diào)節(jié)能量消耗,血糖和血脂代謝,甲狀腺激素信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)及細(xì)胞免疫等作用。UDCA是膽汁酸的成分之一,T/UDCA在熊膽汁酸池中濃度達(dá)50%,人膽汁酸池中濃度2%左右,具親水、利膽、抗凋亡、轉(zhuǎn)化為LCA、抗增殖及調(diào)節(jié)免疫系統(tǒng)等作用[53]。

2.1親水性

UDCA是一種親水性化合物,可促進(jìn)內(nèi)源性膽汁酸排泌,改變膽汁酸的組成,降低疏水性膽酸的比例,保護(hù)肝細(xì)胞[54]。但,親水化合物也能避開細(xì)胞壁內(nèi)的擴(kuò)散和解毒,因特定的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體不識別它們,所以大多數(shù)親水性分子不能進(jìn)入細(xì)胞[55]。它們需要特定的解毒系統(tǒng),如乙二醛酶系統(tǒng),和其他的抗氧化系統(tǒng)消除活性氧[56]。因此,UDCA具有相當(dāng)長的半衰期。UDCA清除循環(huán)的半衰期是3.5至5.8 d[57],可廣泛的作用于肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)外。

2.2利膽作用

UDCA的利膽作用體現(xiàn)在增加膽汁流量,使得其對膽道系統(tǒng)疾病有一定療效[58]。囊性纖維化跨膜傳導(dǎo)調(diào)節(jié)因子(cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator,CFTR)是一種cAMP激活的ATP門控性氯離子通道,UDCA促進(jìn)CFTR依賴的膽管上皮ATP釋放。分泌的ATP激活嘌呤2Y受體,并通過Ca2+增加和蛋白激酶C激活刺激Cl-流出液的分泌。進(jìn)一步解釋UDCA的利膽作用[59]。然而,對于嚴(yán)重的阻塞性膽汁淤積僅僅增加膽汁流量可能并不能解決問題反而由于膽道壓力增加導(dǎo)致毛細(xì)膽管和膽管破裂,增加梗死病程發(fā)展,惡化疾病。嚴(yán)重的阻塞性膽汁淤積包括PBC晚期,PSC、肝內(nèi)膽管基缺乏和膽管消失綜合征[60]。親水性膽汁酸UDCA在C57/BL6小鼠膽管結(jié)扎模型中刺激膽汁流量增加,加重膽管梗死,而nor-UDCA可顯著改善膽管結(jié)扎的肝損傷[61]

2.3抑制細(xì)胞凋亡

細(xì)胞凋亡是去除受損細(xì)胞、維持細(xì)胞數(shù)量平衡必不可少的關(guān)鍵程序,是一種程序性死亡。一旦細(xì)胞受損超出DNA修復(fù)通路的能力,他們會(huì)被不可逆的休眠,并衰老/死亡,或經(jīng)受不受管制的細(xì)胞分裂,形成腫瘤。UDCA通過沉默p53基因介導(dǎo),抑制細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1,并通過非半胱天冬酶(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase,caspase)依賴的機(jī)制抗凋亡[13]。UDCA也能間接阻止細(xì)胞損傷----通過抑制激活蛋白-1與DNA結(jié)合活性和下調(diào)細(xì)胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶(ERK)和Raf-1激酶活性(被DCA激活),阻斷DCA(deoxycholic acid,DCA)誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡[62-63]。在體外UDCA能夠通過調(diào)節(jié)線粒體膜流動(dòng)性來抑制DCA誘導(dǎo)的大鼠肝細(xì)胞與非肝細(xì)胞凋亡,降低線粒體Bax蛋白的豐度,以及抑制活性氧生成[64]。

在短期2~6 h,UDCA與甘氨鵝去氧膽酸(glycochenodeoxycholic acid,GCDCA)共培養(yǎng)肝細(xì)胞,GCDCA誘導(dǎo)的乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)和細(xì)胞色素C釋放顯著減少,半胱天冬酶活性被抑制。而長期12~20 h聯(lián)合培養(yǎng)反而增加了LDH釋放。且在培養(yǎng)4 h后UDCA顯著促進(jìn)了GCDCA誘導(dǎo)的線粒體膜電位降低。表明UDCA短期內(nèi)抗GCDCA誘導(dǎo)的凋亡,但長期反而促進(jìn)凋亡[65]。

2.4抑制細(xì)胞增殖

UDCA能夠阻止細(xì)胞和身體機(jī)能,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)展延遲[66],減慢代謝過程,并導(dǎo)致“情境凍結(jié)”,或者說是身體的冬眠(黑熊膽汁酸中UDCA含量達(dá)39 %)[52]。UDCA能顯著降低被佛波酯或霍亂毒素上調(diào)的肝細(xì)胞生長因子mRNA水平,部分抑制了肝細(xì)胞生長因子基因表達(dá)的上調(diào)(40%~50%),并在24 h和48 h范圍內(nèi)抑制超過80%霍亂毒素誘導(dǎo)的肝細(xì)胞生長因子產(chǎn)生[67]。在高濃度下,UDCA能顯著抑制細(xì)胞增殖和更多的抗凋亡作用,而低濃度的UDCA增加細(xì)胞凋亡。高劑量的UDCA對于腫瘤壞死因子-α誘導(dǎo)的DNA斷裂起到增效作用,但低、中劑量UDCA并無作用[68]。

2.5轉(zhuǎn)化成有毒性的石膽酸

在口服給藥后大約90 %治療劑量的UDCA在小腸被吸收。吸收后,UDCA進(jìn)入肝腸循環(huán)從十二指腸排出。只有少量UDCA出現(xiàn)在系統(tǒng)循環(huán),血漿中UDCA與蛋白以結(jié)合的形式存在且非常少量的排泄到尿液[69]。UDCA是典型的7 -碳位氧化或脫水,分別產(chǎn)生7K-LCA或LCA[70]。過量的LCA能夠引起膽汁淤積性肝損傷,可導(dǎo)致患者肝功能衰竭死亡。石膽酸誘導(dǎo)DNA鏈斷裂,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化,導(dǎo)致節(jié)段性膽管損傷,肝細(xì)胞的破壞和死亡[71],UDCA臨床試驗(yàn)中普遍忽視LCA含量的評估[9]。

在體外孵育2 h時(shí),正常組41%的UDCA 7位脫水變成LCA。而在體內(nèi)12到24 h轉(zhuǎn)化率幾乎達(dá)100 %。接受UDCA治療的病人排泄的膽汁酸主要是LCA。分子靶標(biāo)的研究顯示UDCA抗分泌的作用是通過抑制結(jié)腸上皮細(xì)胞 Na+/K+-ATP酶活性和膜K+通道電流實(shí)現(xiàn)的,而不改變其在細(xì)胞表面的表達(dá)。但在體內(nèi)因?yàn)槠淇焖俦荒c菌代謝成LCA觀察不到其抗分泌的作用反而顯示增強(qiáng)上皮細(xì)胞分泌的作用[72]。

2.6其他

UDCA作為膽固醇衍生分子有與類固醇激素相似的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu),而且作為一種膽汁酸,它激活核類固醇受體[73]。UDCA作用于核受體以配體依賴的方式調(diào)節(jié)下游靶基因表達(dá)[74]。此外,UDCA抑制組蛋白乙酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶[75],使受損的DNA不能修復(fù),最終導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞死亡[76]。

UDCA抑制由金黃色葡萄球菌Cowan I誘導(dǎo)的健康受試者和PBC患者外周血單核細(xì)胞的IgM,IgG和IgA分泌。UDCA通過以IL-12/18獨(dú)立的方式激動(dòng)肝淋巴細(xì)胞糖皮質(zhì)激素受體介導(dǎo)IFN-γ免疫調(diào)節(jié)性能降低[77]。UDCA通過抑制線粒體膜去極化,調(diào)節(jié)免疫反應(yīng),促進(jìn)活性氧產(chǎn)生、細(xì)胞色素C釋放、caspase的激活及核酶多聚二磷酸腺苷(ADP核糖)聚合酶的裂解[78]。UDCA還可增強(qiáng)CDCA的細(xì)胞毒性,可能在于誘導(dǎo)線粒體通透性轉(zhuǎn)換水平,降低線粒體膜電位和耗竭ATP。在UDCA存在下,CDCA誘導(dǎo)的凋亡淪為壞死[79]。UDCA通過蛋白激酶C介導(dǎo)專門抑制胰高血糖素誘導(dǎo)的cAMP合成[80]。UDCA與CDCA均能以時(shí)間劑量依賴的方式抑制前列腺素1誘導(dǎo)的cAMP合成,不僅局限于肝細(xì)胞也包括非肝細(xì)胞[81]。

Sombetzki研究表明,相對于UDCA,nor-UDCA可以明顯改善曼氏血吸蟲感染的小鼠的炎癥反應(yīng)及肝纖維化,并且在體外,nor-UDCA可直接抑制抗原呈遞細(xì)胞的抗原呈遞和隨后的T細(xì)胞活化[82]。UDCA與Retinoic acid (RARs與RXRs受體的激動(dòng)劑)聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,可以通過減少膽汁酸合成和阻斷纖維化TGF-β信號通路,緩解大鼠膽道結(jié)扎所致的和體外人類肝細(xì)胞、肝星狀細(xì)胞、LX-2細(xì)胞的肝損傷[83]。

3、總結(jié)

UDCA在慢性肝病的治療上能顯著改善生化指標(biāo),但除ICP療效肯定外,其余疾病均因療程較長,及研究結(jié)果的異質(zhì)性,在其治療效果上存在爭議。一般UDCA可用于病情較輕,對治療表現(xiàn)出肝功能有所改善的患者。UDCA慢性肝病臨床使用存在局限性,需要針對復(fù)雜發(fā)病機(jī)制開展聯(lián)合用藥研究,如UDCA聯(lián)合布地奈德、聯(lián)合非諾貝特的應(yīng)用研究。UDCA的利膽作用可加重膽管結(jié)扎小鼠的肝臟梗死,但其同源物nor-UDCA卻能改善肝臟梗死情況。UDCA短期使用能抑制肝臟細(xì)胞凋亡,長期使用則促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡作用。UDCA在體內(nèi)易氧化或脫水產(chǎn)生LCA,而它的臨床試驗(yàn)中普遍忽視LCA含量評估。所以, 目前臨床上迫切需要研發(fā)安全有效多途徑多靶點(diǎn)的藥物治療慢性肝病。

參考文獻(xiàn) 

[1] Hammarsten O. Untersuchungen über die Gallen einiger Polarthiere[J].Phys chem, 1901, 32( 5) : 435-466.

[2] Shoda M. Uber die Ursodeoxycholsaure aus Barengallen und ihre physiologische wirkung[J]. J Biochem, 1927, 42( 7) : 505-507.

[3] 日本藥局方編輯委員會(huì)編纂.《日本藥局方》[M]. 第八改正版, 1971.

[4] Okumura M. Clinical studies on dissolution of gallstones using ursodeoxycholic acid[J]. Gastroterol Jpn, 1977, 12( 6) : 469-475.

[5] 鐘嵐, 范建高. 熊去氧膽酸在慢性肝病中的應(yīng)用及機(jī)制[J].國外醫(yī)學(xué)·消化系疾病分冊, 1999, 19( 2) : 91-94.

[6] Rudic JS, Poropat G, Krstic MN, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid for primary biliary cirrhosis[J]. Lancet, 2000, 355( 9204) : 657-658.

[7] Poropat G, Giljaca V, Stimac D, et al. Bile acids for liver-transplanted patients[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2005, 5(3):85-86.

[8] Cheng K, Ashby D, Smyth RL.Ursodeoxycholic acid for cystic fibrosis-related liver disease[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2000, 10( 2) : CD000222.

[9] Sinakos E, Marschall HU, Kowdley KV, et al. Bile acid changes after high-dose ursodeoxycholic acid treatment in primary sclerosing cholangitis : relation to disease progression[J]. Hepatology, 2010 July, 52( 1) : 197-203.

[10] Kotb MA. Ursodeoxycholic acid in neonatal hepatitis and infantile paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts : Review of a historical cohort[J]. Dig Dis Sci, 2009, 54( 10) : 2231-2241.

[11] Burnat G, Majka J, Konturek PC. Bile acids are multifunctional modulators of the Barrett’s carcinogenesis[J]. J Physiol Pharmacol, 2010, 61( 2) : 185-192.

[12] Anabela P, Rolo, Carlos M, Palmeira, et al.Wallace.Mitochondrially mediated synergistic cell killing by bile acids[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2003, 1637( 1) : 127-132.

[13] Magd A, Kotb. Molecular Mechanisms of Ursodeoxycholic Acid Toxicity & Side Effects : Ursodeoxycholic Acid Freezes Regeneration & Induces Hibernation Mode[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2012, 13( 7) : 8882-8914.

[14] Carey EJ, Ali AH, Lindor KD. Primary biliary cirrhosis[J].Lancet, 2015, 386( 10003) : 1565-75.

[15] European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines : management of cholestatic liver diseases[J]. J Hepatol 2009, 51( 2) : 237-267.

[16] 膽汁淤積性肝病診斷治療專家共識:2015年更新[J].中國肝臟病雜志(電子版), 2015, 7( 2) : 1-11.

[17] Zhang LN, Shi TY, Shi XH, et al.Eady biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid and long-term prognosis of primary biliary cirrhosis : results of a 14 year cohort study[J]. Hepatology, 2013, 58( 1) : 264-272.

[18] Lammers WJ, van Buuren HR, Hirschfield GM, et al. Levels of alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin are surrogate end points of outcomes of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: an international follow-up study[J]. Gastroenterology, 2014, 147( 16) : 1338-1349.

[19] Ali AH, Lindor KD.Obeticholic acid for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis[J].Expert Opin Pharmacother, 2016 , 17( 13): 1809-1815.

[20] Jones DE.Obeticholic acid for the treatment ofprimary biliary cirrhosis[J].Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2016, 10 ( 10): 1091-1099.

[21] Dyson JK, Hirschfield GM, Adams DH, et al. Novel therapeutic targets in primary biliary cirrhosis[J].Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2015, 12( 3): 147-158.

[22] Czul F, Levy C. Novel Therapies on Primary Biliary Cirrhosis[J].Clin Liver Dis,2016, 20 ( 1): 113-130.

[23] Kuiper EM, Hansen BE, Adang RP, et al. Relatively high risk for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis not responding to ursodeoxycholic acid[J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2010, 22( 12) : 1495-1502.

[24] Christophe C. Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Beyond Ursodeoxycholic Acid[J]. Semin Liver Dis, 2016, 36( 1) : 15-26.

[25] Sclair SN, Little E, Levy C. Current Concepts in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis[J]. Clin Transl Gastroenterol, 2015, 6( 8) : e109.

[26] Lindor K, Kowdley K, Luketic V, et al. High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis[J]. Hepatology, 2009, 50 ( 3): 808–814.

[27] Lindstrom L, Hultcrantz R, Boberg KM, et al. Association between reduced levels of alkaline phosphatase and survival times of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitisp[J].Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , 2013, 11 ( 7) : 841–846.

[28] Othman MO, Dunkelberg J, Roy PK. Urosdeoxycholic acid in primary sclerosing cholangitis: A meta-analysis and systematic review[J]. Arab J Gastroenterol, 2012, 13( 3) : 103-110.

[29]Hansen JD, Kumar S, Lo WK, et al.Ursodiol and colorectal cancer or dysplasia risk in primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis[J]. Dig Dis Sci, 2013, 58( 11) : 3079-3087.

[30] Wunsch E, Trottier J, Milkiewicz M, et al. Prospective evaluation of ursodeoxycholic acid withdrawal in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis[J].Hepatology, 2014, 60 ( 3): 931-940.

[31] Chazouillères O. Primary sclerosing cholangitis and bile acids[J]. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 2012, 36( 36S1) : S21-S25.

[32] Triantos CK, Koukias NM, Nikolopoulou VN, et al. Meta-analysis: ursodeoxycholic acid for primary sclerosing cholangitis[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2011, 34(8) : 901-910.

[33] Ali AH, Carey EJ, Lindor KD.Current research on the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis[J]. Intractable Rare Dis Res, 2015, 4(1): 1–6.

[34] Halilbasic E, Fuchs C, Hofer H, et al. Therapyof Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis-Today and Tomorrow[J].Dig Dis,2015, 33(2): 149-163.

[35] Costa PC, Barreto CC, Pereira L, et al. Cystic fibrosis-related liver disease: a single-center experience[J].Pediatr Rep, 2011, 3(21):87-90.

[36] Flass T, Narkewicz MR..Cirrhosis and other liver disease in cystic fibrosis[J]. J Cyst Fibr2013, 12(2) : 116-124.

[37] Sokol RJ, Durie PR. Recommendations for management of liver and biliary tract disease in cystic fibrosis. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Hepatobiliary Disease Consensus Group[J]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 1999, 28(1) : S1-S13.

[38] Debray D, Kelly D, Houwen R, et al. Best practice guidance for the diagnosis and management of cystic fibrosis-associated liver disease[J].J Cyst Fibros, 2011, 10 ( 2) :S29-36.

[39] Colombo C, Crosignani A, Alicandro G, et al. Long-Term Ursodeoxycholic Acid Therapy Does Not Alter Lithocholic Acid Levels in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis with Associated Liver Disease[J]. J Pediatr. 2016, 177 : 59-65.

[40] Joutsiniemi T, Timonen S, Linden M, et al. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: observational study of the treatment with low-dose ursodeoxycholic acid.[J]. BMC Gastroenterology, 2015, 15(1) : 1-7.

[41] Zhang Y, Lu L, Victor DW, et al. Ursodeoxycholic Acidand S-adenosylmethionine for the Treatment of IntrahepaticCholestasisof Pregnancy: A Meta-analysis[J].Hepat Mon, 2016, 16(8):e38558.

[42] Xiang Z, Chen YP, Ma KF, et al. The role of Ursodeoxycholic acid in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review[J]. BMC Gastroenterology, 2013, 13(1) : 6125-6126.

[43] Orlando R., Azzalini L, Orando S, et al. Bile acids for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and/or steatohepatitis[DB/OL]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2007, 1(1) : CD005160.

[44] Leuschner UF, Lindenthal B, Herrmann G, et al. High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid therapy for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial[J]. Hepatology, 2010, 52(2): 472-479.

[45] Vlad Ratziu.Treatment of NASH with ursodeoxycholic acid: Pro[J].Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 2012, 36 (1): S41-S45.

[46] Liechti F,Dufour JF.Treatment of NASH with ursodeoxycholic acid: cons[J].Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 2012, 36(1): S46-S52.

[47] Pelletier G, Roulot D, Davion T, et al. A randomized controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with alcohol-induced cirrhosis and jaundice[J].Hepatology, 2003, 37(4): 887-892.

[48] Jacquemin E. Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis[J]. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 2012, 36 (1): S26-S35.

[49] Srivastava A. Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis[J].J Clin Exp Hepatol, 2014, 9( 6) : 594-599.

[50] Devarbhavi H. An Update on Drug-induced Liver Injury[J].J Clin Exp Hepatol, 2012, 2 (3): 247–259.

[51] Venneman NG, Besselink MG, Keulemans YC, et al. Ursodeoxycholic Acid Exerts No Beneficial Effect in Patients With Symptomatic Gallstones Awaiting Cholecystectomy[J]. Hepatology, 2006,43(6) : 1276-1283.

[52] Reichen J. Review: Ursodeoxycholic acid does not reduce risk for mortality or liver transplantation in primary cirrhosis[J]. ACP J Club, 2008, 148(1) : 17.

[53] Vang S, Longley K, Steer CJ, et al. The Unexpected Uses of Urso-and Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid in the Treatment of Non-liver Diseases[J].Glob Adv Health Med, 2014, 3(3):58-69.

[54] Festi D, Montagnani M, Azzaroli F, et al. Clinical efficacy and effectiveness of ursodeoxycholic acid in cholestatic liver diseases[J].Curr Clin Pharmacol, 2007, 2 (2) :155-177.

[55] Proctor WR, Ming X, Bourdet D, et al. Why Does the Intestine Lack Basolateral Efflux Transporters for Cationic Compounds? A Provocative Hypothesis[J]. J Pharm Sci, 2016 105(2) : 484-496.

[56] Sies H. Oxidative stress: Oxidants and antioxidants[J]. Exp Physiol, 1997, 82(2) : 291-295.

[57] Angulo P. Use of ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with liver disease[J]. Curr Gastroenterol Rep, 2002, 4(1) : 37-44.

[58] Gaus OV, Akhmedov VA.Dynamic of clinical, laboratory and sonographic parameters after successful litholitic therapy at patients with gallstone disease in association with metabolic syndrome[J].Eksp Klin Gastroenterol, 2015, (7) :18-23.

[59]Fiorotto R, Spirlì C, Fabris L, et al. Ursodeoxycholic Acid Stimulates Cholangiocyte Fluid Secretion in Mice via CFTR-Dependent ATP Secretion[J]. Gastroenterology, 2007, 133(5) :1603-1613.

[60] Zollner G, Marschall HU, Wagner M, et al. Role of nuclear receptors in the adaptive response to bile acids and cholestasis: Pathogenetic and therapeutic considerations[J]. Mol Pharm, 2006, 3(3) : 231-251.

[61] Fickert P, Pollheimer MJ, Silbert D, et al. Differential effects of norUDCA and UDCA in obstructive cholestasis in mice[J]. J Hepatol,2013, 58(6) : 1201-1208.

[62] Castro RE, Amaral JD, Sola′ S, et al. Differential regulation of cyclin D1 and cell death by bile acids in primary rat hepatocytes[J]. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2007, 293(1): G327-G334.

[63] Amaral JD, Castro RE, Solá S, et al. p53 is a key molecular target of ursodeoxycholic acid in regulating apoptosis[J]. J Biol Chem, 2007, 282(47) :34250-34259.

[64] Rodrigues CM, Fan G, Wong PY, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid may inhibit deoxycholic acid-induced apoptosis by modulating mitochondrial transmembrane potential and reactive oxygen species production[J]. Mol Med, 1998, 4(3) : 165-178.

[65] Utanohara S, Tsuji M, Momma S, et al. The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on glycochenodeoxycholic acid-induced apoptosis in rat hepatocytes[J]. Toxicology, 2005, 214(2) :77-86.

[66] Fimognari C, Lenzi M, Cantelli-Forti G, et al. Apoptosis and modulation of cell cycle control by bile acids in human leukemia T cells[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2009, 1171(1) : 264-269.

[67] Hiramatsu K, Matsumoto Y, Miyazaki M, et al. Inhibition of hepatocyte growth factor production in human fibroblasts by ursodeoxycholic acid[J]. Biol Pharm Bull, 2005, 28(4) : 619-624.

[68] Tsagarakis NJ, Drygiannakis I, Batistakis  AG, et al. A concentration-dependent effect of ursodeoxycholate on apoptosis and caspases activities of HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2010, 640( 3) : 1-7.

[69] Schiedermaier P, Hansen S, Asdonk D, et al. Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics. A double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled study in healthy volunteers[J]. Digestion, 2000, 61(2) : 107-112.

[70]Hirano S, Masuda N, Oda H.In vitro transformation of chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid by human intestinal flora, with particular reference to the mutual conversion between the two bile acids[J]. J Lipid Res, 1981, 22(5) : 735-743.

[71] Dubreuil M,Ruiz-Gaspà S, Gua?abens N, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid increases differentiation and mineralization and neutralizes the damaging effects of bilirubin on osteoblastic cells[J]. Liver Int, 2013, 33(7) : 1029-1038 .

[72] Kelly OB, Mroz MS, Ward JB, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid attenuates colonic epithelial secretory function[J].J Physiol, 2013, 591(9): 2307-2318.

[73] Solá S, Amaral JD, Aranha MM, et al. Modulation of hepatocyte apoptosis: Cross-talk between bile acids and nuclear steroid receptors[J]. Curr Med Chem, 2006, 13( 25) : 3039-3051.

[74] Halilbasic E, Baghdasaryan A.Trauner M.Nuclear Receptors as Drug Targets in Cholestatic Liver Diseases[J]. Clin Liver Dis, 2013, 17( 2) : 161-189.

[75] Huang J, Plass C, Gerhauser C. Cancer chemoprevention by targeting the epigenome[J]. Curr Drug Targets, 2011, 12( 13):1925-1956.

[76] Oike T, Ogiwara H, Torikai K, et al. Garcinol, a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor, radiosensitizes cancer cells by inhibiting non-homologous end joining[J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012, 84(3):815-821.

[77] Takigawa T, Miyazaki H, Kinoshita M, et al. Glucocorticoid receptor-dependent immunomodulatory effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on liver lymphocytes in mice[J]. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2013, 305( 6) : G427-G438.

[78] Rodrigues CM, Ma X, Linehan-Stieers C, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid prevents cytochrome c release in apoptosis by inhibiting mitochondrial membrane depolarization and channel formation[J]. Cell Death Differ, 1999, 6( 9) : 842-854.

[79] Rolo AP, Palmeira CM, Holy JM, et al. Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in combined bile acid-induced cytotoxicity: The switch between apoptosis and necrosis[J]. Toxicol Sci, 2004, 79( 1) : 196-204.

[80] Abate N, Carubbi F, Bozzoli M, et al. Effect of chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid administration on acyl-CoA: Cholesterol acyltransferase activity in human liver[J]. Ital J Gastroenterol, 1994, 26( 6) : 287-293.

[81] Weber P, Wagner M,Schneckenburger H. Fluorescence imaging of membrane dynamics in living cells[J]. J Biomed Opt, 2010, 15( 15) : 046017.

[82] Sombetzki M, Fuchs CD, Fickert P, et al. 24-nor-ursodeoxycholic acid ameliorates inflammatory response and liver fibrosisin a murine model of hepatic schistosomiasis[J].J Hepatol, 2015, 62( 4): 871-878.

[83] He H, Mennone A, Boyer JL, et al. Combination of retinoic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid attenuates liver in jury in bile duct-ligated rats and human hepatic cells[J].Hepatology, 2011, 53( 2): 548-557.

Recognition of the clinical application and biological mechanism of ursodeoxycholic acid in liver diseases

ZHANG Linlin, FAN Yujuan, TAN Bo, LI Yue, JIANG Jian, QIU Furong

Lab of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China

ABSTRACT  Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)has been widely used in clinical treatment of liver disease due to its hepato-protective effect, including primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and cystic fibrosis (CF), etc. Lack of effective drug as control, UDCA’s clinical effect and mechanism of action remain unclear. Recently, the reports about adverse events caused by UDCA, especially at high dosage have been increasing. This review summarizes the clinical application and mechanism of UDCA in treatment of liver diseases, which is referential for its clinical application.

KEYWORDS ursodeoxycholic acid; liver disease; cholagogue; toxicity

                                                    本文編輯:鐘正靈

本站僅提供存儲(chǔ)服務(wù),所有內(nèi)容均由用戶發(fā)布,如發(fā)現(xiàn)有害或侵權(quán)內(nèi)容,請點(diǎn)擊舉報(bào)
打開APP,閱讀全文并永久保存 查看更多類似文章
猜你喜歡
類似文章
專家論壇|王曉靜:原發(fā)性膽汁性膽管炎的熊去氧膽酸生化應(yīng)答預(yù)測及中西醫(yī)結(jié)合治療
熊去氧膽酸與結(jié)腸癌研究進(jìn)展
抗線粒體抗體陰性原發(fā)性膽汁性膽管炎患者的診治新進(jìn)展
黃春洋博士:膽汁酸與原發(fā)性膽汁性膽管炎
哪些原發(fā)性膽汁性膽管炎患者可能對熊去氧膽酸一線治療無應(yīng)答?
肝膽特異性MRI對比劑釓塞酸二鈉臨床應(yīng)用專家共識
更多類似文章 >>
生活服務(wù)
熱點(diǎn)新聞
分享 收藏 導(dǎo)長圖 關(guān)注 下載文章
綁定賬號成功
后續(xù)可登錄賬號暢享VIP特權(quán)!
如果VIP功能使用有故障,
可點(diǎn)擊這里聯(lián)系客服!

聯(lián)系客服