肝素誘導(dǎo)的血小板減少癥的診斷與治療
梅菲,李毅清
華中科技大學(xué)同濟醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬協(xié)和醫(yī)院血管外科,武漢430030
摘要 肝素誘導(dǎo)的血小板減少癥(heparin-induced thrombocytopenia,HIT)是肝素治療引起的嚴重并發(fā)癥,可導(dǎo)致血栓形成和栓塞。HIT的發(fā)病機制主要與肝素/血小板因子4抗體有關(guān),引起血小板凝集和血液高凝狀態(tài),同時抗體還通過作用于血管內(nèi)皮細胞和單核細胞參與HIT的形成??贵w的檢測包括功能性血小板試驗和免疫學(xué)試驗,臨床表現(xiàn)結(jié)合實驗室檢測有助于本病的早期診斷和治療。治療原則為停用肝素,換用直接凝血酶抑制劑。
關(guān)鍵詞 肝素誘導(dǎo)的血小板減少癥;肝素;血小板因子4;抗原抗體復(fù)合物
1、HIT概述
1.1 概念
肝素(heparin)是目前臨床上應(yīng)用最廣泛的抗凝藥物之一,主要用于心臟外科手術(shù)、介入、急性冠脈綜合征、外周血栓栓塞、透析和體外循環(huán)等。某些患者在接受肝素治療過程中,可以發(fā)生血小板計數(shù)降低(<100 × 10[i]/L-1),稱肝素誘導(dǎo)的血小板減少癥(heparin-induced thrombocytopenia,HIT)。若同時并有血栓形成,則稱肝素誘導(dǎo)的血小板減少癥和血栓形成(heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis,HITT)。
1.2 分型
HIT發(fā)病機制和臨床表現(xiàn)可分為2種類型。I型HIT:非免疫型,發(fā)生率為10%-30%[1],血小板數(shù)輕微減少,對身體無害。II型HIT:屬于自身免疫反應(yīng),較少出現(xiàn),應(yīng)用普通肝素的患者發(fā)生率為1%-3%,應(yīng)用低分子肝素者發(fā)生率為0-0.8%,一般是在已經(jīng)接受肝素治療5天時發(fā)生,尤其是術(shù)后接受肝素治療預(yù)防血栓形成的患者[1][2]。II型HIT表現(xiàn)為明顯的血小板減少(<100×10/L),病情嚴重,持續(xù)時間較長,可引起四肢血管閉塞或危及生命的動、靜脈血栓栓塞[3]。本文將主要針對II型HIT進行討論。
2、 HIT發(fā)病機制
肝素可以通過非免疫機制活化血小板,使血小板a顆粒釋放PF4,肝素可與PF4結(jié)合并使其分子構(gòu)象發(fā)生改變,從而暴露抗原表位,肝素/PF4復(fù)合物以T細胞依賴方式誘發(fā)產(chǎn)生自身抗體[4],又稱肝素/血小板因子4抗體(anti-heparin/platelet factor4 antibody,AHPF4 Ab),或簡稱HIT抗體。該抗體類型可以為IgA、IgM和IgG,80%為IgG。
AHPF4抗體的Fab段與活化血小板表面的肝素/PF4復(fù)合物結(jié)合形成肝素/PF4/Ab復(fù)合物,Fc段可與結(jié)合有Fab段的自身血小板或鄰近血小板Fc Ⅱa受體交聯(lián)結(jié)合,進一步觸發(fā)自身或鄰近血小板活化,引起血小板凝集,同時形成血栓素,增強凝血反應(yīng)?;罨难“逵轴尫鸥嗟?/span>PF4,生成更多的肝素/PF4復(fù)合物,加劇了凝血反應(yīng),這種正反饋機制最終引起血小板數(shù)量減少和血液高凝狀態(tài)[5]AHPF4抗體還可作用于血管內(nèi)皮細胞和單核細胞,導(dǎo)致組織因子和炎性介質(zhì)增多,促進血栓形成。
3、 HIT的診斷
3.1 臨床癥狀
HIT的臨床表現(xiàn)包括血小板減少癥(發(fā)生率>95%)、血栓形成(發(fā)生率為35%~75%)、肝素誘導(dǎo)的皮膚損害(發(fā)生率為10%~20%)、急性全身反應(yīng)(發(fā)生率為25%)、失代償性彌散性血管內(nèi)凝血等[6]。Warkentin 和 Heddle[7]針對HIT,推薦了4Ts評估指標:(1)血小板減少癥(2)血小板計數(shù)下降的時間學(xué)(3)血栓癥或其他后遺癥(4)其他原因?qū)е碌难“鍦p少癥。另有研究[8][9][10]也顯示了聯(lián)合應(yīng)用4Ts評分與實驗室檢查診斷HIT的有效性。
3.2 實驗室檢查
血小板減少癥或血小板計數(shù)顯著下降是HIT的首要表現(xiàn),特別是在應(yīng)用肝素后的5--14天,這個時間窗是重要的診斷依據(jù)[11]。但同時也應(yīng)該積極尋找引起血小板減少的其他原因,如膿毒血癥,血小板激活自身抗體,藥物反應(yīng),輸血反應(yīng)和異物反應(yīng)[12]。監(jiān)測血小板數(shù)有很重要的臨床意義且簡單易行, Kelton對809位臨床確診為HIT的病人進行研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[13],精確的血小板計數(shù)對于死亡,截肢或血栓進展是最好的預(yù)測指標。根據(jù)美
功能性血小板試驗主要包括14C血清素釋放試驗(
通過免疫學(xué)試驗測量血漿中AHPF4抗體的含量,容易確定統(tǒng)一的標準,且不需要正常血小板,簡單易行,比較適合臨床應(yīng)用。只要包括酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)、膜吸附酶聯(lián)免疫濾過測定(enzymelinked immunofiltration assay,ELIFA)、粒膠凝集免疫測定(particle gel immunoassay,PaGIA)和流式細胞儀測定等。
ELISA對于檢測HIT的敏感性很高(99%),且具有良好的陰性預(yù)測值[17],因此,應(yīng)用ELISA檢測HIT抗體不能確診HIT,但是ELISA陰性結(jié)果則高度否定HIT的診斷。
顆粒膠免疫分析法是將肝素/PF4抗原涂層于高密度顆粒制成粒膠,應(yīng)用免疫熒光法和流式細胞儀測定血漿樣本中AHPF4抗體。顆粒膠免疫分析法快速而可重復(fù)性,用于測定抗體滴度,是可信的檢測方法,可作為臨床疑似為HIT病例的補充檢查[18]。
4、 HIT的治療
一旦診斷或高度懷疑為HIT,應(yīng)立即停止使用各種肝素制劑。盡管Hopkins和Goldfinger[19]報道了4例臨床疑似HIT且SRA陽性患者安全地輸注血小板。但在更多數(shù)據(jù)證明其安全性之前,HIT患者應(yīng)該避免輸血小板,因為HIT患者由于血小板激活而處于高凝狀態(tài)。美
5、預(yù)防HIT
無HIT病史的患者,可以常規(guī)用肝素抗凝,但是,最好能夠監(jiān)測血小板計數(shù)和HIT抗體,做到早期診斷,早期治療。Kerendi[20]對487名心臟手術(shù)后發(fā)生血小板減少癥的患者檢測HIT抗體,發(fā)現(xiàn)HIT抗體陽性者血栓栓塞、腎衰竭、術(shù)后死亡率都較抗體陰性者顯著增高。并認為早期檢測HIT抗體,積極進行抗凝治療可以有效降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥和死亡率。故對于應(yīng)用肝素者若能常規(guī)檢測血小板和HIT抗體,將能避免更加嚴重的并發(fā)癥。
有肝素接觸史但未患HIT者,更應(yīng)警惕HIT的發(fā)生。一項研究[21]表明,在小兒心臟手術(shù)中,新生兒再次手術(shù)抗PF4抗體的生成率較初次手術(shù)大幅升高,懷疑可能與肝素接觸史有關(guān)。
對于有HIT病史的患者,Warkentin[22]認為,如果循環(huán)中沒有HIT抗體或者ELISA檢測到抗體而洗滌血小板激活實驗沒有檢測到抗體,普通肝素可用于心臟手術(shù),否則,可用Bivalirudin, argatroban, lepirudin, 或者danaparoid代替肝素。
6、總結(jié)
肝素誘導(dǎo)的血小板減少癥和血栓形成是肝素應(yīng)用的嚴重并發(fā)癥,HIT導(dǎo)致血栓形成而不是出血,這與肝素的治療預(yù)期相反。雖然HIT的發(fā)生率比較低,但是肝素臨床應(yīng)用廣泛,故臨床上HIT患者數(shù)目比較大。多年來,一直未引起足夠的重視,認識、評估、處理都不夠或是滯后[23]。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,平均每位HIT患者,經(jīng)濟損失大于14000美元,住院時間增加14.5天[24];法國報道的經(jīng)濟損失稍低,約3230法郎[25]。HIT對病人造成了巨大的經(jīng)濟負擔(dān)和身體損害,故對于血栓病人,盡管有足夠的抗凝治療,還是需要監(jiān)測HIT的發(fā)生,對HIT早期診斷和處理能夠阻止更加嚴重的后果(動、靜脈血栓形成的惡化,肢體壞疽,皮膚壞死)。對于確診為HIT的患者,禁用普通肝素和低分子肝素,華法林不是禁忌,但是需監(jiān)測INR。直接應(yīng)用凝血酶抑制劑(Bivalirudin, argatroban, lepirudin)是逆轉(zhuǎn)HIT及其并發(fā)癥的有效措施。
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