1． 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)的實(shí)質(zhì)和類型 所謂“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”（Absolute Construction）實(shí)質(zhì)就是帶有自己主語的非限定分句和無動(dòng)詞分句。如前所述，非限定分句和無動(dòng)詞分句通常是以主語的一定成分作為自己的邏輯主語，從而依附于主語。但也有一些非限定分句和無動(dòng)詞分句帶有自己的主語，從而在結(jié)構(gòu)上與主語不發(fā)生關(guān)系，因此叫“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”。其實(shí)，所謂“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”也并非真正獨(dú)立，它還是一種從屬分詞?！蔼?dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”按其結(jié)構(gòu)形式，分為不定式“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”，-ing分詞“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”，-ed分詞“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”和無動(dòng)詞“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”，通常在句中起狀語分句的作用。 例如：
（1） A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on. 許多官員尾隨皇帝之后，有的拎著皇帝的衣袍，有的則給他整腰帶等。（some to hold…和others to adjust…為不定式獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)）
?。?） There being nothing else to do, we left. 由于沒有其它事情可做，我們離開了。（There being…為-ing分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)）
?。?） She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝視著，雙手叉在胸前。（her hands clasped…為-ed分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)）
?。?） He went off, gun in hand. ?他手里拿著槍離開了。（gun in hand為無動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)）
?。?） The floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside. 由于地板又濕又滑，我們呆在屋外。（The floor wet…為無動(dòng)詞“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”）
2．“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”的用法和意義由上述諸例可以看出，“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”與主語之間通常用逗號隔開，但也有用破折號的。 例如：
（6） The room was in chaos--- dirty clothes strewn on the floor, cosmetics scattered over the dresser, empty bottles and cans everywhere. 房間一片混亂，臟衣服扔在地板上，化裝品散亂在梳妝臺(tái)上，到處都是空的瓶。
在“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”中做主語的名詞詞組有時(shí)可以省去限定詞。例如：
?。?） The manager sat quietly in the office, (his ) eyes closed. 經(jīng)理靜靜地坐在辦公室里，雙目緊閉。
“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”的位置是比較靈活的，它可位于句首，句中或句尾。例如：
?。?） Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground. 他們的房間在三層樓上，窗戶俯視著操場。
?。?） He guiding her, they stumbled through the street. 他引著他，兩個(gè)人蹣跚地穿過那條街。
?。?0） He, God willing, would be in the village before the second next month. 他，如果情況允許，將于下月二日前來到這個(gè)村莊。
如果一句中含有幾個(gè)“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”，通常是把表示概括意義的結(jié)構(gòu)置于最后。 例如：
?。?1） The professor was slammed against the wall, his body frisked, his wrists handcuffed, his dignity lost. 教授被猛推倒墻上，被搜了身，手被拷著，尊嚴(yán)盡失。
“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”在句中可表示多種含義。 例如：
表示時(shí)間：
?。?2） His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play. =After his homework was done, Jim decided to go and see the play. 家庭作業(yè)完成之后，杰姆決定去看戲。
?。?3） The meal over, we began to work again. =When the meal was over, we began to work again. 吃完飯，我們又開始干活。表示原因：
?。?4） The last bus giving gone, we had to walk home. =Because the last bus had gone, we had to walk home. ?由于末班車已開走，我們只得步行回家。
（15） Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. =As her shirt was caught on a nail, she could not move. 由于裙子被釘子鉤住，她不能移動(dòng)。
表示條件：
?。?6） Whether permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday. =If weather permits, the football match will be played on Wednesday. 假如天氣允許的話，足球賽將在星期三舉行。
表示方式和伴隨狀況：
?。?7） He put on his socks wrong side out. 他穿上襪子，反面朝上。
（18） The children were watching the acrobatic show, their eye (being) wide open. 孩子們在看雜技表演，眼睛睜得很大。
在上述諸例中，“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”均可變?yōu)橛蓋ith引導(dǎo)的介詞詞組，即在“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”前可用介詞with。介詞with在此沒有什么意義，只是比較口語化。 例如：
（19） They sat in the room with the curtains drawn. 他們坐在房間里，窗簾拉下來。 With the tree growing tall, we get more shade. 樹長高了，我們得到更多的陰涼。 He came into the classroom with a book in his hand. 他手里拿著一本書走進(jìn)教室。
1． 不定式“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”，-ing分詞“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”，-ed分詞“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”之間的區(qū)別。
不定式“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 例如：
（1） We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. 我們將在十點(diǎn)四十五分集合，隊(duì)伍整十一點(diǎn)開始游行。
?。?） The plan was that the two parties should first reach an agreement on the basic principle, the details to be worked put later. 計(jì)劃是雙方應(yīng)先就基本原則達(dá)成協(xié)議，細(xì)節(jié)問題以后擬訂。
-ing分詞“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，且主語與-ing分詞之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。例如：
（3） We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，每一個(gè)人就像干兩個(gè)人的活。
-ed分詞“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”表示已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，主語與-ed分詞之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。例如：
?。?） This done, we went home. 做完此事，我們就回去。
（5） All our saving gone, we started looking for jobs. 積蓄全部用完了，我們就開始找工作。
2． 無動(dòng)詞“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”的常見類型：（1） 名詞+介詞短語（2） 名詞+adj.或adv. 例如：He sat st the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter.
將下列每組句子連接成一句，至少使用一個(gè)獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。
1. a. She stood back and looked at him. b. Her face smiled radiantly.
2. a. His exam was finished. b. Porter stumbled wearily from the room.
3. a. Henry Adams ran from the room . b. Cold shivers ran down his spine.
4. a. The meeting was closed. b. Nobody had any more to say.
5. a. There was no way for me to cross. b. I walked upstream on the south side.
6. a. Marie sat on the edge of frail wooden chair in Irby’s suite.
b. The champagne glass was in her hand. c. Her tears were in her eyes.
7. a. All the money had been spent. b. Jack started looking for work.
8. a. The whole meeting was in uproar. b. The chairman abandoned the attempt to take a vote.
9. a. My task was completed. b. I went to bed.
10. a. In front of him stood a man. b. The man held a gun in his hand.
11. a. Walking into the room, I saw Grandpa. b. He was sitting at the desk.c. His newspaper was spread before him.
12. a. The prisoner stood quietly on the wooden platform. b. A small cotton bag was put over his face.c. His hands were tied behind his back. d. A noose was fixed securely about his neck.
聯(lián)系客服
