語 法 結(jié) 構(gòu)--前后呼應(yīng)
內(nèi) 容 提 要
這一章主要從三個方面講述。限定詞和被限定詞之間的呼應(yīng)，包括冠詞與名詞、數(shù)詞與名詞、代詞與名詞之間的關(guān)系；主語和謂語的呼應(yīng)，包括單數(shù)情況的呼應(yīng)和復(fù)數(shù)情況的呼應(yīng)，對等成分的前后呼應(yīng)；還有并列主語與謂語動詞的呼應(yīng)。
I限定詞和被限定詞間的呼應(yīng)
一、 冠詞與所修飾名詞間的呼應(yīng)
1. 不定冠詞a／an表示“一個，一部分”，與之匹配的是名詞的單數(shù)形式，不管a／an與它所修飾的名詞之間有多少個限定成分，都要遵循這一規(guī)則
1) A significant proportions ［A］ of the plants and animals of ［B］ Hawaii exists nowhere else ［C］ in the world ［D］ .
2) The discovery ［A］ of kerosene and the invention of a glass ［B］ chimney made possible ［C］ a greatly improved lamps ［D］ .
3) Jim Thorpe， a football ［A］ ，track，and baseball stars ［B］ from Pennsylvania，is considered by many ［C］ to be the greatest ［D］ allround athlete of modern times.
2. “冠詞＋表示單概的名詞＋介詞短語或從句(不管介詞短語或從句中的名詞是單數(shù)名詞還是復(fù)數(shù)名詞)”，主句的謂語動詞都要用單數(shù)形式
4) A typical ［A］ farm in the ［B］ midwestern United States cover ［C］ about three hundred acres of fertile ［D］ prairie land.
5) The Petrified Forest of eastern Arizona are ［A］ made up of tree trunks ［B］ that were buried in mud，sand，or volcanic ash ages ago ［C］ and have turned to stone ［D］ .
6) Many ［A］ of the population in the rural areas ［B］ is composed ［C］ of manual laborers ［D］ .
二、 數(shù)詞與修飾名詞間的呼應(yīng)
1. 可數(shù)名詞要么與冠詞連用，要么用其復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般不單獨使用
7) Thomas Jefferson skillfully ［A］ organized his ［B］ supporter ［C］ in congress into a strong ［D］ political group.
2. 表示“一”的數(shù)詞作定語時，用可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)；表示“一”以上的數(shù)詞作定語時，可數(shù)名詞用其復(fù)數(shù)
8) If ［A］ [KＧ2] laid out ［B］ in a straight line，the human digestive tract(消化道) would measure ［C］ approximately thirty foot in length ［D］ .
9) Edna Ferber told ［A］ the story ［B］ of her life ［C］ in two book ［D］ .
10) Sea turtles date back 100 million year ［A］ and are the only ancient ［B］ sea reptiles to survive ［C］ to the present ［D］ day.
3. 序數(shù)詞作定語時，名詞用單數(shù)形式。這時序數(shù)詞前常加定冠詞the
11) Sodium(鈉) is ［A］ the six ［B］ most abundant ［C］ element in ［D］ the earth’s crust.
12) First incorporated ［A］ in 1871，Dallas，Texas， had become ［B］ the seventh ［C］ largest cities ［D］ in the United States by 1976.
4. “一以上的基數(shù)詞＋連字符＋表示時間(大小、長度、距離、高度等)的名詞(＋old)作定語”時，名詞用單數(shù)形式
13 Like ［A］ some other running ［B］ birds，the gander(雄鵝) lacks ［C］ a back toe and has a threetoed feet ［D］ .
5. much和much of后接不可數(shù)名詞，而many和many of后接可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)
14) Food seasoning plays an important ［A］ role in the cooking ［B］ customs of much ［C］ cultures in ［D］ the world.
15) The bluegrass country ［A］ around Lexington, Kentucky is ［B］ the home of much of ［C］ the world's ［D］ finest race horses.
6. 表示度和量的詞后面有的接可數(shù)名詞，有的接不可數(shù)名詞。接可數(shù)的名詞有：a range of＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞，a series of＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞， a variety of ＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，a number of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞等；可接不可數(shù)名詞有：an amount of＋不可數(shù)名詞等
16) Two waterfalls within ［A］ the city limits supply ［B］ Rochester，New York，with an enormous ［C］ number ［D］ of electric power.
17) A wide ［A］ range of disorder ［B］ can affect the human ［C］ muscular ［D］ system.
18) Institutions ［A］ of higher learning get ［B］ their funds from a variety ［C］ of source ［D］ .
7. half of ＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞，其謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式(但half＋表示程度大小的詞用不可數(shù)修飾，如as much as half a meter)
19) Nearly ［A］ half of the ancient ［B］ meteor(流星) craters(隕石坑) has been ［C］ found in central and eastern ［D］ Canada.
20) At ［A］ birth，an infant exhibits ［B］ a remarkable ［C］ number of motor response ［D］ .
三、代詞與修飾詞間的呼應(yīng)
1. 不定代詞與名詞的一致 不定代詞another修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，而other則修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞
21) White spots in ［A］ a person’s fingernail are caused by ［B］ bruises or ［C］ other minor injury ［D］ .
22) Mineral prospectors use ［A］ their knowledge ［B］ of geophysics to locate ［C］ deposits of oil，uranium(鈾)， and another ［D］ valuable minerals.
23) “Cool Jazz” emerged when ［A］ tenor saxophonist Lester Young， guitarist ［B］ Charlie Christran，and another ［C］ musicians made major changes ［D］ in jazz improvisation.
2. 不定代詞much, (a) little, less, least, a great deal／amount of修飾不可數(shù)名詞； many, (a) few, both則修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式, a great variety of后面接可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞均可， every, each, one, none則修飾單數(shù)名詞；all可修飾可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞，但修飾可數(shù)名詞時須用復(fù)數(shù)
24) At one time ［A］ many person ［B］ believed ［C］ that some forked twigs had supernatural powers ［D］ .
25) The general sales tax has been ［A］ a major source of income for state governments， much ［B］ of which derive more than half ［C］ of their ［D］ budgets from it.
26) Electing ［A］ honest and competent individuals to public office ［B］ is really ［C］ the responsibility of every peoples ［D］ in a democratic society.
3. 人稱代詞與名詞的呼應(yīng) 人稱代詞I(me), he(him), she(her), it都是代替前邊的單數(shù)名詞，而they(them), we(us)則是代表復(fù)數(shù)的，you既可代表單數(shù)，也可代表復(fù)數(shù)，但表示泛指的時候，我們漢語用“我們”來表示，而英語則用“he”或“one”來表示。
27) The leaves of the red maple(槭樹) are highly ［A］ poisonous to horses and when ingested ［B］ can kill ［C］ it ［D］ within fifteen hours.
28) The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that divides ［A］ the waters ［B］ flowing into ［C］ the Atlantic Ocean from it ［D］ flowing into the Pacific.
29) Mahogany(桃花心木) is often considered ［A］ the finest cabinet wood ［B］ because they ［C］ has most of the qualities desired ［D］ for furniture making.
4. 物主代詞與名詞的呼應(yīng) my, our, his, her, its, their要與代替的名詞在數(shù)上一致
30) The welfare department, as well as the other social services, will have budget cut.
［A］ their
［B］ his
［C］ its
［D］ our
31) Women have always ［A］ worked in the United States，and hers ［B］ work has been ［C］ indispensable in the expansion ［D］ of American industry.
32) Dolphins are warmblooded; that is， its ［A］ body temperature always stays ［B］ about the same， regardless ［C］ of the surroundings ［D］ .
5. 反身代詞與其所代成分間的呼應(yīng)
33) Behavior modification techniques work ［A］ best ［B］ with problems that manifest itself ［C］ in overt(公開的，明顯的) actions ［D］ .
34) Since the beginning of recorded history humans have been known ［A］ to seek ［B］ good health and the means to ［C］ cure itself ［D］ of illness.
6. 指示代詞與所代名詞間的呼應(yīng) this和that指代單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，而one只指代可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。these、those和ones指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞(而且those還可作先行詞，可以有定語從句，those表示“那些人”)。one…another表示“一個……另一個”；the other表示兩者中的另一個；the others表示一個整體中的“另外一些”。one和those后邊還可以跟who引導(dǎo)的定語從句，one代替名詞單數(shù)，those代替名詞復(fù)數(shù)
35) She invited all who had been in her class last term.
［A］ that
［B］ those
［C］ one
［D］ ones
36) These ［A］ problem had to be ［B］ solved，so he had to work ［C］ overtime for five consecutive ［D］ days.
37) An internationally famous ballerina(芭蕾舞女演員) ［A］ ， Maria Tallchiaf demonstrated ［B］ that the quality of ballet in the United States could equal those ［C］ of the ballet in Europe ［D］ .
四、例題解析
1) A錯。應(yīng)改為單數(shù)名詞proportion，因前面有不定冠詞“a”。
2) D錯。改為lamp。
3) B錯。應(yīng)用單數(shù)名詞star，因為前面有冠詞“a”，盡管它被幾個詞所修飾，但仍要用單數(shù)。
4) C錯。本句的主語是“a typical farm”，屬于單數(shù)第三人稱，而本句的謂語動詞是cover(占地)，所以應(yīng)改為與主語相對應(yīng)的動詞形式covers。
5) A錯。應(yīng)改用is，因為主語為單數(shù)第三人稱“the Petrified Forest”(石化林)。
6) A錯。謂語是“is”，與之相呼應(yīng)的須是單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，所以應(yīng)將many改為much。
7) C錯。根據(jù)上下文，supporter(支持者)應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)supporters。
8) D錯。應(yīng)把foot(英尺)改為復(fù)數(shù)形式feet，因前面有數(shù)詞thirty。
9) D錯。應(yīng)改為books，因前面有數(shù)詞two，故名詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
10) A錯。應(yīng)改為復(fù)數(shù)名詞years，因前面有數(shù)詞100 million。
11) B錯。six顯然不能和單數(shù)名詞element(元素)連用，故應(yīng)將其改為sixth(第6個)。
12) D錯。cities是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，而前邊的限定詞為the seventh largest(第7個最大的)，所以應(yīng)改為單數(shù)city。
13) D錯。feet(腳)是名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式(單數(shù)為foot)，但因為它的前面有只修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞的冠詞a，所以應(yīng)把feet改為foot。
14) C錯。much只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞，修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時應(yīng)用many。
15) C錯。不定代詞much(許多)只能和不可數(shù)名詞連用，與可數(shù)名詞連用時應(yīng)用many。本句中C處所指代的應(yīng)是race horses(賽馬)，故應(yīng)將much改為many。
16) D錯。(electric)power(電力)是不可數(shù)名詞，而其前面的修飾語“a (enormous) number of ”(許多的，若干)只能修飾可數(shù)名詞，故應(yīng)將number改為amount。
17) B錯。disorder(疾病，不適)是單數(shù)名詞，這與其前面的修飾語“a wide range of ”(廣泛的，大量的)顯然沖突，故應(yīng)改為disorders。
18) D錯。source(來源)是可數(shù)名詞，其前面的限定詞為“a variety of ”(種種，許多種)，所以應(yīng)改用復(fù)數(shù)sources 以便和限定詞在數(shù)上一致。
19) C錯。應(yīng)改為have been?！癶alf (of) + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時，應(yīng)將其視為復(fù)數(shù)第三人稱。
20) D錯。response(反應(yīng))是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，而其前面表數(shù)目的限定詞“a number of”(許多、一些)只能修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，故應(yīng)將response改為responses。
21) D錯。other(其余的)是不定代詞，和可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式連用，所以應(yīng)將injury(傷)改為復(fù)數(shù)injuries。
22) D錯。another(另一個)是不定代詞，它只和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用。
23) C錯。another只修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，故應(yīng)改為other。
24) B錯。改為persons。
25) B錯。此處指代可數(shù)名詞governments，應(yīng)將much改為many。
26) D錯。peoples前面的不定代詞every(每一個)只能修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，而people(人、人們)是一個集體名詞，表示兩個或兩個以上的“人”，如果它表示單數(shù)則意為“民族”，在表示此意時可以有復(fù)數(shù)形式peoples，所以應(yīng)把peoples改為person或man，這樣才能使修飾詞與被修飾詞之間一致。
27) D錯。應(yīng)把it改為them，因為此處所指代的是“the horses”。
28) D錯。此處所指代的應(yīng)是名詞“the waters”(河流)，因其是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，故代詞也應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)，應(yīng)把it改為those。
29) C錯。應(yīng)改為it，因為此處所指代的是名詞單數(shù)mahogany。
30) C為正確答案。
31) B錯。應(yīng)改為their(她們的)，因為這里所指代的是“women”(復(fù)數(shù))，hers是名詞性物主代詞(她的)，在本句中既不可修飾work，也不合邏輯。
32) A錯。應(yīng)改用their，因為此處所代替的是復(fù)數(shù)名詞dolphins。
33) C錯。應(yīng)改為themselves，因為此處所指代的是復(fù)數(shù)名詞problems。
34) D錯。應(yīng)改為themselves，此處所指代的成分為復(fù)數(shù)名詞humans。
35) B為正確答案。
36) A錯。problem為單數(shù)，故應(yīng)將these改為this。
37) C錯。此處所指代的為“the quality of ballet” ，故應(yīng)用單數(shù)指示代詞that。
II 主語和謂語間的呼應(yīng)
一、謂語用單數(shù)的情況
1. 名詞單數(shù)
不可數(shù)名詞[JB)｝]＋介詞＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞
插入語，如together with…[JB)｝] 由于主語是單數(shù)名詞，其謂語也要用單數(shù)形式
1) The replacement of shops such as the grocer's and chemist's by cafés the housewives with insufficient facilities for shopping.
［A］ leave
［B］ has left
［C］ have left
［D］ be leaving
2) The most significant ［A］ cosmological characteristic of the galaxies are ［B］ the red shift in ［C］ their optical ［D］ spectra.
3) The first libraries ［A］ in the North American colonies ［B］ was established ［C］ in Massachusetts in the year ［D］ 1638.
2. 動詞不定式、ING或分句作主語，其謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式
4) Ensuring an adequate ［A］ water supply have been ［B］ a concern ever since ［C］ people began to live ［D］ in towns and cities.
5) Transforming ［A］ raw materials into ［B］ useful products are ［C］ called manufacturing ［D］ .
3. 抽象名詞作主語或單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式
6) The recession of the ［A］ 1970’s underscore(加深) ［B］ some of the basic ［C］ problems of contemporary ［D］ American society.
7) The standards ［A］ on which the metric system are based ［B］ have been found ［C］ to be slightly inaccurate ［D］ .
4. 主語前由“each, every, no”等詞修飾或“neither, each”作主語時，采用單數(shù)動詞［注意：“many a(an, another) ＋ 單數(shù)名詞”作主語時雖然表示復(fù)數(shù)的概念但其謂語動詞也要用單數(shù)形式］
Many a man hopes for better days. 很多人希望過好日子。／Many another student makes the same mistakes. 好多學(xué)生犯同樣的錯誤。／No teacher and student was present. 老師和學(xué)生都沒到。／Neither of the policemen is innocent. 兩名警察都無罪。
5. 表示時間、距離和錢額等復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一個整體概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式
Ten years is a long time to wait. 十年時間太長了。／ Five thousand dollars is not enough to me. 五千美金對我來說不夠。
6. 以ics結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞指一門學(xué)科，如politics(政治學(xué)), mathematics(數(shù)學(xué)), mumps(腮腺炎), statistics(統(tǒng)計學(xué)), acoustics(會計學(xué)), linguistics(語言學(xué))等，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式
8) Mumps(流行性腮腺炎) are ［A］ a very common disease ［B］ which ［C］ usually ［D］ affects children.
7. 主語為“單數(shù)名詞 ＋ with(as well as, together with, along with, accompanied by, including, except, but, besides)等短語的，動詞與前面的主語保持一致，即謂語動詞用單數(shù)
John, together with his wife and children, has moved to Chicago. 約翰和他的妻子及孩子們搬到芝加哥去了。／This text, including the other two, is a bit difficult. 這一課和其他兩課都有點難。／Wang Lin, and perhaps Zhang Hai, sings very well. 王林，可能還有張海，唱得很好。
8. one of(a pair of, a part of) ＋ 復(fù)數(shù)名詞，其謂語用單數(shù)名詞
9) John Dewey is generally considered ［A］ one of the greatest ［B］ modern educational ［C］ philosopher ［D］ .
10) One of the wildest ［A］ and most inaccessible ［B］ parts of the United States are ［C］ the Everglades(美國佛羅里達(dá)州南部大沼澤地) where wildlife is abundant and largely ［D］ protected.
11) Rudolph Nureyev has become ［A］ one of the greatest ［B］ dancer ［C］ that the ballet world has ever known ［D］ .
9. neither＋不帶冠詞、物主代詞或指示代詞的單數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)；neither of＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用單數(shù)(在非正式場合用動詞復(fù)數(shù))
Neihter car is exactly what I want.
Neither of these cars is exactly what I want.
10. percent表示抽象概念，即使后面接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，其謂語也要用單數(shù)
二、 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)的情況
1. 主語是表示復(fù)數(shù)的名詞或代詞時，謂語動詞用相應(yīng)的動詞復(fù)數(shù)形式
12) Metropolitan area ［A］ have increased ［B］ in the majority ［C］ of countries ［D］ .
13) Doctor ［A］ are discovering that there is a strong ［B］ psychological ［C］ component to chronic(慢性的) ［D］ pain.
14) Bookkeepers maintains ［A］ detailed ［B］ records of ［C］ business transactions. ［D］ .
2. 從句中的謂語動詞應(yīng)和從句中主語呼應(yīng)
15) A rocket burns ［A］ propellant(火箭燃料，推進(jìn)劑) rapidly and most rockets carry ［B］ a supply ［C］ that last ［D］ just a few seconds.
16) Elizabeth Blackwell，the first woman medical doctor in the United States， founded ［A］ the New York Infirmary， an institution ［B］ that have always had ［C］ a completely female medical staff ［D］ .
17) Each lichen(地衣) consists ［A］ of an alga and a fungus that lives ［B］ together in a kind ［C］ of plant ［D］ partnership.
3. 名詞復(fù)數(shù)＋介詞短語
定語從句
＋of＋單數(shù)名詞[JB)｝] 由于主語是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，其謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式
18) The novels of John Cheever belongs ［A］ to a literary ［B］ tradition that is concerned ［C］ primarily ［D］ with manners.
19) Many people who ［A］ live in New York City thinks ［B］ that life ［C］ in a large city offers ［D］ special advantages.
20) Flower ［A］ have long been cultivated ［B］ and bred for their beauty ［C］ and their fragrance ［D］ .
三、對等連詞前后的一致
由and, or, but, than, both…and, either…or, rather than 等對等連接詞連接起來的成分彼此間在形式上應(yīng)力求保持一致。具體有以下幾個方面
1. 數(shù)的平行：對等連詞接連起的名詞在單復(fù)數(shù)形式上通常一致，and和both…and連接兩個單數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，either…or連接兩個單數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式
21) Dictionaries may be used to answer question ［A］ , to solve ［B］ problems, or to obtain ［C］ information ［D］ .
22) Both the male and the female working in the field.
［A］ be
［B］ are
［C］ is
［D］ bieng
2. 時態(tài)的平行： 在同一時間背景下，對等連詞所連接的動詞應(yīng)采用一致的時態(tài)
23) A line segment, which is part of a straight line, begins at one point at another.
［A］ ending
［B］ by ending
［C］ the end is
［D］ and ends
24) Gravity not only causes bodies to fall their speed.
［A］ and to increase
［C］ and increases
［B］ but also increase
［D］ but also increases
25) Nearly all trees have seeds that fall to the earth, take root, and eventually .
［A］ generate new seeds
［B］ new seeds generated
［C］ by generating new seeds
［D］ new seeds generated there
另外，我們還要注意，兩個分句之間的代詞與名詞、助動詞與實義動詞之間的代替，如：I rely on the system to fix itself, which it usually does with no help from me beyond crossing my fingers. 我以靠系統(tǒng)來修復(fù)系統(tǒng)本身，除了用幾下手指之外，不需要我的其它幫助，系統(tǒng)經(jīng)常這樣修復(fù)自己。
3. 對等連詞所連接的各成分應(yīng)在詞性和形式上的呼應(yīng)
26) The purpose of the research had a more important meaning for them than .
［A］ ours
［B］ with us
［C］ for ours it had
［D］ it did for us
27) Methods of flood control focus on preventing rivers from rising and .
［A］ keep them within their banks
［B］ to keep them within their banks
［C］ keeping them within their banks
［D］ being kept them within their banks
28) Both dogs and cats have ［A］ a keen ［B］ sense ［C］ of smell, sight, and tasting ［D］ .
4. 排列位置的平行，對等連詞前后成分的位置應(yīng)呼應(yīng)
29) A widespread species, roundworms even thrive on the peaks of mountains and .
［A］ at the bottoms of the oceans
［B］ there are the bottoms of the oceans
［C］ the bottoms of the oceans do
［D］ which the bottoms of the oceans
30) My cousin composes not only ［A］ the music, but ［B］ also sings the songs for ［C］ major ［D］ Broadway musicals.
四、關(guān)于幾對容易混淆詞組的用法
1. “a number of ＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式
“the number of＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語動詞須用單數(shù)形式
31 The number of time A an object is magnified by ［B］ a telescope can be determined ［C］ by someone who knows ［D］ the focal length of the objective lens and of the eyepiece.
2. “an average(total) of ＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式
“the average(total) of＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語動詞須用單數(shù)形式
3. “a lot(mass, heap等) of ＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式
“a lot(mass, heap等) of＋不可數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語動詞須用單數(shù)形式
4. “these(those) kinds of ＋名詞”作主語謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式
“this(that)kind(sort) of＋名詞”作主語謂語動詞須用單數(shù)形式
5. “what kinds of ＋單數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式
“what kind of ＋單數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語動詞須用單數(shù)形式
6. “the rest of ＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式
“the rest of＋單數(shù)(不可數(shù))名詞”作主語謂語動詞須用單數(shù)形式
7. “分?jǐn)?shù)＋of ＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式
“分?jǐn)?shù)＋ of＋單數(shù)(不可數(shù))名詞”作主語謂語動詞須用單數(shù)形式
8. “most of ＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式
“most of＋單數(shù)(不可數(shù))名詞”作主語謂語動詞須用單數(shù)形式
9. “plenty of ＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式
“plenty of＋單數(shù)(不可數(shù))名詞”作主語謂語動詞須用單數(shù)形式
五、例題解析
1) B為正確答案。
2) B錯。本句的主語為characteristic(特點)，“of the galaxies”是其定語，所以謂語動詞也應(yīng)改為第三人稱單數(shù)形式is。
3) A錯。應(yīng)改用單數(shù)library，以便和后面的謂語動詞“was”在數(shù)上一致。
4) B錯。應(yīng)用has been。本句中的主語是“ensuring…supply”，它表示的是一個抽象的概念或現(xiàn)象，可以用代詞it來代替，故其謂語動詞應(yīng)用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。
5) C錯。改為“is”。
6) B錯。本句主語為recession(單數(shù))，故應(yīng)將B處的謂語動詞改用第三人稱單數(shù)underscores。
7) B錯。本句為一個定語從句，從句中的主語為system，所以謂語動詞應(yīng)改為is based。
8) A錯。改為is。
9) D錯。應(yīng)改用復(fù)數(shù)philosophers，因為“one of …”是“其中之一”的意思，所以“one of ”之后須用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
10) C錯。本句的主語應(yīng)是one(單數(shù))，其后的“of the … States”是介詞短語修飾one，故其謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)第三人稱形式，即改用is。
11) C錯?！皁ne of”之后應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)名詞，故應(yīng)將dancer改為dancers。
12) A錯。應(yīng)改用復(fù)數(shù)areas，以便和have(謂語動詞)呼應(yīng)。
13) A錯。改為Doctors。
14) A錯。改為maintain。
15) D錯。本句是一個由“that”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞supply(單數(shù))，從句中的謂語動詞為last(延續(xù)、持續(xù))，主語為that(代supply)，故根據(jù)主謂一致的原則，應(yīng)將last改為lasts。
16) C錯。由于that引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句中的主語為an institution(一個機(jī)構(gòu))，故應(yīng)將have改為has。
17) B錯。本句是一個定語從句，從句中的主語that代替“an alga and a fungas”，故謂語動詞應(yīng)用live。
18) A錯。本句的主語為the novels(復(fù)數(shù))， 故謂語動詞應(yīng)用belong，“of John Cheever”是介詞短語，作the novels 的定語。
19) B錯。應(yīng)改為think。本句的主語是people(集體名詞)，“who…city”是定語從句修飾people。
20) A錯。改為flowers。
21) A錯，改為answer questions。 本句的平行成分為三個不定式短語，既然 problems 用了復(fù)數(shù)，question 也應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)，但后面的information 為不可數(shù)名詞。
22) B為正確答案。
23) D為正確答案。
24) D為正確答案。
25) A為正確答案。
26) D為正確答案。
27) C為正確答案。
28) D錯，改為taste。
29) A為正確答案。
30) A錯，改為 not only composes。
31) A錯。number是“數(shù)目”，“the number of”后面應(yīng)接復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，time(次數(shù))在此為可數(shù)名詞，應(yīng)改為“the number of times”。
III并列主語與動詞的呼應(yīng)
一、謂語動詞用單數(shù)：當(dāng)“名詞＋and＋名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)表示一種事物或一種概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)
A writer and educator has visited our school.一位作家兼教育學(xué)家參觀了我們的學(xué)校。／Bread and butter is nutritious. 面包黃油很有營養(yǎng)。／Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy. 早睡早起使人健康。
二、在“名(代)詞＋or(nor, not only…but also等)＋名(代)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)后的動詞一般與or后的名(代)詞呼應(yīng)
Not only he but also I am surprised.／One or two days are enough to see the city. ／Either I or he is in the wrong. ／Are you or he to blame?
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