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基于“人性化設(shè)計”思想的醫(yī)療器械設(shè)計

摘要：人性化并不是神秘不可觸及的上蒼，同時也不是唾手可及囊中之物，她是時代設(shè)計特征同時也是各種設(shè)計思想的匯集，她是我們掛在口頭但又不得不認(rèn)真研究的重要課題。

關(guān)鍵詞：人性化 醫(yī)療器械 設(shè)計

The design of medical devices based on "user-friendly design"

Abstract: Humanity is not the mystery of God which can not be touched, and also can not be got easily. It is being on with characteristics of the times and also a collection of various design ideas. We always talk about it and ought to study it---this important issue carefully.
Keywords: humanity   medical device   design

0 引言

1988年日本索尼公司舉辦的“SONY—DESIGN—VISION”設(shè)計大賽中，一位名叫Brain Elliot的青年設(shè)計師設(shè)計的作品——“Anlmon電視機(jī)”獲得了大獎。在這個作品中，設(shè)計師徹底改變了傳統(tǒng)電視機(jī)的功能、造型原則和使用方法，把“Animon”設(shè)計成為一個可行走的聽話的“電視機(jī)器人”，使用者的遙控使它可招之即來，揮之即去，并能按人的意圖調(diào)節(jié)屏幕角度，變換圖像，使人們充分享受到了“使用趣味”和“使用快感”。人們在這樣的設(shè)計面前，真要感嘆自身的偉大了。因為在這種對設(shè)計物的使用過程中，人性得到了隨心所欲的釋放和滿足。 Brain Elliot的獲獎得益于他對人性的深層次的關(guān)注和探究，得益于他對“為人而設(shè)計”思想的深刻理會。

0 Introduction
In "SONY-DESIGN-VISION" design competition held by Japan's Sony Corporation in 1988, a youth named Brain Elliot won the grand prize with his work - "Anlmon TV". In this work, the designer changes the traditional TV functions, modeling principles and using methods completely and designs the "Animon" to become an obedient walking "TV Robot". It can be in the user’ s control to come to the user when being called, to adjust the screen's point of view and transform the image  according to the intention of men, so that people can fully enjoy the "fun of use" and " pleasure of use." People in the face of such a design, is really to be a great sigh of its own. By using the design, human nature has been fully released and satisfied. Brain Elliot’s design benefits from his deep-seated concerns and explore of human nature according to his deep thinking of designing for human.

1 人性化設(shè)計的基本概念

1.1人性的要求設(shè)計具備“人性化”

現(xiàn)代設(shè)計是科學(xué)和藝術(shù)、技術(shù)與人性的結(jié)合，科學(xué)技術(shù)給設(shè)計以堅實的結(jié)構(gòu)和良好的功能，而藝術(shù)和人性使設(shè)計富于美感，充滿情趣和活力，成為人與設(shè)計和諧親近的紐帶。片面強(qiáng)調(diào)一面忽視另一面，將使設(shè)計走向極端，與設(shè)計初衷背道而馳。

1 The basic concepts of humanized design
1.1 Design with the requirements of human nature, "humanity"

Modern design is the combination of science and art, technology and human nature. Thanks to the science and technology, the design has a solid structure and good function and with the arts and humanity, the design is full of beauty, fun and vitality, so that it’ s harmonious between people and design . Emphasizing on one aspect and ignoring the other part will let the design go to the extreme and run counter to it’ s original meaning.

1.2 設(shè)計人性化的內(nèi)在意義

中國古代哲人所宣揚(yáng)的“天人合一”，“物我相忘”的思想便反映了對這種關(guān)系的辯證認(rèn)識。人類的設(shè)計和設(shè)計物總是體現(xiàn)了一定時期人們的審美意識、倫理道德、歷史文化和情感等精神因素，這是物的“人化”，造物的“人化”；而人類的一定意識、情感、文化等精神因素，又需借助于一定物質(zhì)形式來表達(dá)，作為人類生活方式載體的設(shè)計物必然承擔(dān)了一部分對人類精神的承載和表達(dá)功能。這便是人類精神的“物化”，人的“物化”。“人化”和“物化”構(gòu)成了人與設(shè)

計物的互動關(guān)系，設(shè)計便是物的“人化”和人的“物化”的統(tǒng)一，兩者相輔相成。這便是人性化的內(nèi)在含義。

1.2 The inner meaning of humanized design
An ancient Chinese philosopher, advocated the "harmony in human and nature", and "neither of the object and oneself in memory ".   The design by man always reflects the people's aesthetic consciousness, ethics, history and culture, mental and emotional factors in a certain period of time. It is matter of "person" and creation of "humanization". And there are emotional, spiritual and cultural factors   which are necessary to be   expressed in a certain material form. As a vector of human life, the design is bound to human spirit and expressional function. They are the human’s materialized spirit and the materialized human. Both of them together constitute the design and are necessary to each other. This is the inner meaning of humanity.

1.3 設(shè)計人性化反映了“為人而設(shè)計”的本質(zhì)特征

設(shè)計是人的設(shè)計，即滿足人生理和心理的需要、物質(zhì)和精神的需要。設(shè)計的主體是人，設(shè)計的使用者和設(shè)計者也是人，因此人是設(shè)計的中心和尺度。這種尺度既包括生理尺度，又包括心理尺度，而心理尺度的滿足是通過設(shè)計人性化得以實現(xiàn)的。從這個意義上來說，設(shè)計人性化和人性化設(shè)計的出現(xiàn)，完全是設(shè)計本質(zhì)要求使然，決非完全是設(shè)計師追逐風(fēng)格的結(jié)果。因為離開了對人心理要求的反映和滿足，設(shè)計便偏離了正軌。因此設(shè)計的人性化已成為評判設(shè)計優(yōu)劣的不變準(zhǔn)則。李硯祖先生認(rèn)為：“什么是好的設(shè)計? 處于技術(shù)水平、市場需要、美學(xué)趣味等等條件不斷變化的今天，很難有永恒評判的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。但有一點則是不變的，那就是設(shè)計中對人的全力關(guān)注，把人的價值放在首位。”李先生的觀點正反映在了設(shè)計界對人性化的關(guān)注和重視。

1.3 The essential feature of the design is a reflection of human nature

Design is for men, which is for people to meet their physical and psychological, material and spiritual needs. The main design is the design for the user and the designer is. Therefore, man is the center of the design and scale. This measure includes both the physiological scale and physical scale. To meet their psychological scale, it’s necessary to humanize the design. In this sense, the design of human nature and human nature of the appearance of design is entirely due to the essential requirements of the design. And it is not entirely the result of chasing style. If the requirement can not be satisfied, the design will be deviated from the track. Therefore the design of human nature has become a judge of the design criteria. Yanzu Li think that it’s difficult to decide whether it’s a good design or not today. But one thing is unchanged. That is the design of person's full attention to human values in the first place. Mr. Lee's view is reflected in the attention for the humanized design.

1.4 設(shè)計人性化是人類追求得一種崇高境界

隨著人類認(rèn)識水平的逐漸提高、深化和上升，人類認(rèn)識將由“必然王國”走向“自由王國”，這是認(rèn)識發(fā)展的必然規(guī)律。而人類的設(shè)計也必將隨著自身認(rèn)識的提高走向更高的境界，即人類社會所孜孜以求的理想化、藝術(shù)化的造物方式和生活方式，由不自覺走向自覺，由追求物質(zhì)需要為主到兩者兼顧并以追求精神享受為主。由設(shè)計的“必然王國”通向設(shè)計的“自由王國”，“隨心所欲而不逾矩”，這是設(shè)計師及消費者的共同夢想。設(shè)計的層次越高，其精神性的因素就越多、越圓滿，物質(zhì)性和精神性、理性化和人性化的結(jié)合就越完美、越融洽。從某種意義上說，設(shè)計的不斷發(fā)展和提升的過程即是人的認(rèn)識、思想和情感的不斷完善的過程，人類設(shè)計是人類情感、文化精神及倫理道德的觀照?？梢灶A(yù)言，設(shè)計人性化將是未來設(shè)計的必然趨勢和最終歸宿，設(shè)計師的工作即是：使人們從物的擠壓和奴役中解放出來，使人的生存環(huán)境和物品更適合人性，使人的心理更加健康發(fā)展，使人類感情更加豐富，人性更加完美，真正達(dá)到人物和諧，“物我相忘”的境界。

1.4 The humanized design is a wonderful pursuit of men

With more knowledge, it’s regular for human’s understanding to improve from "of necessity" to "freedom". And the more the human know about themselves the better the design will become. The idealistic, artistic way of creation and life pursued by human society is on the way from pursuing materials to both materials and spirit, also make spirit as the main pursuit. The higher level the design is in, the more spiritual factors there are and more harmonious cooperation between materials and spirit, ration and humanized design. In a sense, the process of improving the design is the process of people’s understanding, thinking and emotion. Design is reflection of human emotion, mental and moral culture. It can be predicted that the design of user-friendly design will be the inevitable trend of the future and final destination, the work of designers that is: people from the extrusion and slavery are emancipated and the living environment and goods are more suitable to people. Besides, psychological part become more heather and human emotion more richer to reach harmony and the realm of "Things and oneself forget each other”.

2 人機(jī)工程上是人性化設(shè)計的技術(shù)實現(xiàn)手段

所謂人性化產(chǎn)品，在一定程度上就是包含人機(jī)工程的產(chǎn)品，只要是“人”所使用的產(chǎn)品，都應(yīng)在人機(jī)工程上加以考慮，產(chǎn)品的造型與人機(jī)工程無疑是結(jié)合在一起的。我們可以將它們描述為：以心理為圓心，生理為半徑，用以建立人與物(產(chǎn)品)之間和諧關(guān)系的方式，最大限度地挖掘人的潛能，綜合平衡地使用人的機(jī)能，保護(hù)人體健康，從而提高生產(chǎn)率。在設(shè)計和制造時都必須把“人的因素”作為一個重要的條件來考慮。若將產(chǎn)品類別區(qū)分為專業(yè)用品和一般用品的話，專業(yè)用品在人機(jī)工程上則會有更多的考慮，它比較偏重于生理學(xué)的層面；而一般性產(chǎn)品則必須兼顧心理層面的問題，需要更多的符合美學(xué)及潮流的設(shè)計，也就是應(yīng)以產(chǎn)品人性化的需求為主。

2 man-machine engineering design is user-friendly means of technology
The so-called user-friendly products, to a certain extent that is included in the man-machine engineering products, as long as it is used by persons, products should be considered the man-machine engineering. Design and ergonomics is combined certainly. We can describe them as follows:  the psychological part as the center, physiological radius as the establishment of object (product)to build  a harmonious relationship for people to  maximize their potential and  balance  their use of people’ s function to increase productivity.  In the design and manufacturing, the "human factor" should be considered as an important condition. If products are divided into two parts that are professional supplies and general supplies, the supplies of professional engineering in the man-machine will be considered more. And general products must take the psychological level into account and need more  in line with the aesthetics and design trends, that is, products should be based on the needs of human.

人性化的設(shè)計指導(dǎo)理念是人文關(guān)懷，而要是實現(xiàn)人文關(guān)懷，我們必不可少的要使用到現(xiàn)有的設(shè)計的各種手段和技術(shù)，人機(jī)工程學(xué)是為了解決“人——機(jī)——環(huán)境”只見關(guān)系的科學(xué)技術(shù)，所以其所包含的內(nèi)容也就是人性化的技術(shù)手段。

Human design is guided by the philosophy - humanistic concern, and the realization of humane care need to use existing tools and technology. Ergonomics is to address "human - machine - environment" in which it can be seen the relationship between science and technology. So its content is user-friendly technology.

人機(jī)工程學(xué)的顯著特點是，在認(rèn)真研究人、機(jī)、環(huán)境三個要素本身特性的基礎(chǔ)上，不單純著眼于個別要素的優(yōu)良與否，而是將使用“物”的人和所設(shè)計的“物”以及人與“物”所共處的環(huán)境作為一個系統(tǒng)來研究。在人機(jī)工程學(xué)中將這個系統(tǒng)稱為“人——機(jī)——環(huán)境”系統(tǒng)。這個系統(tǒng)中，人、機(jī)、環(huán)境三個要素之間相互作用、相互依存的關(guān)系決定著系統(tǒng)總體的性能。本學(xué)科的人機(jī)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計理論，就是科學(xué)地利用三個要素間的有機(jī)聯(lián)系來尋求系統(tǒng)的最佳參數(shù)。

The distinguishing feature of ergonomics is that it’s not only focusing on whether individual elements fine or not, but also focusing on people, machine and environment, and regard them as one system on the base of studying their characteristics. In the ergonomics, the system refers to the" human - machine - environment" system. In this system, human, machine and environment interact and depend on each other determining the overall system performance. The design’ s theory is that scientific would like to find the best parameters by using the organic links between the system.

一項好的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計是可以涵蓋形態(tài)和人機(jī)因素的，產(chǎn)品的外形一樣也可以有機(jī)會做人機(jī)工程的發(fā)揮。除了一般的大眾消費品之外，專為特殊族群所設(shè)計的產(chǎn)品在人機(jī)工程學(xué)上也有更多的考慮。例如殘疾人用的瓷器套具，此套設(shè)計是專為殘疾人做的餐具，又不讓人直接看出它們是專為殘疾人做的。故而，設(shè)計師在充分考慮了人機(jī)工程學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上，特別處理手把的凹凸，使患者拿在手里有一種心態(tài)上的平衡感，既能看到，又能摸到，但又不那么顯眼。

A good product design can be covered by the form and human factors and appearance of the product can also have the opportunity to play a machine works. Besides the goods for   general consumers, specifically design for the special group of people need more consideration about the ergonomics. For example, a set of porcelain is specifically designed to cater for the disabled to do dishes and nobody can see that directly .Therefore, designers take full account of the basis of ergonomics, in particular, to deal with the bump in hand, so that patients have in his hand the balance to a state of mind. We can see, can touch, but it’s not so conspicuous.

再以醫(yī)療設(shè)備來說，病床、醫(yī)療椅等產(chǎn)品，在設(shè)計上不只是考慮操作要符合人機(jī)工程學(xué)，在材料上也應(yīng)力求人性化，增加產(chǎn)品的親和力，以提高產(chǎn)品的“EQ”。

Medical equipments as beds, chairs and other medical products, are designed for the operation to comply with ergonomics and in the aspect of material, it should also be sought to humanization, to improve the products’ affinity and" EQ".

3 信息時代醫(yī)療器械改革

3.1 設(shè)計理念的轉(zhuǎn)變

數(shù)字化時代增強(qiáng)了社會的物質(zhì)技術(shù)特點，在信息社會里，網(wǎng)絡(luò)和虛擬社區(qū)的出現(xiàn)，一方面使人和人的關(guān)系更加密切，另一方面又強(qiáng)化了個人的私人化的生存方式，人與人的聯(lián)系似乎變的更加的冷漠，人們在工作或工作之余，需要一個能夠處處感到關(guān)心體貼、符合個人情感與功能需要的生活空間，在使用產(chǎn)品的同時得到精神和心靈上的慰藉。

3 the reform of medical equipment in the information age
3.1 Design theory’s changes
In the digital age, the material and technical characteristics are enhanced. In the information society, with the emergence of networks and virtual communities, on one hand  the relationship between people become more closely and on the other hand, it strengthens private lives by individuals as a means to survival. People seem to become more indifference to others. People at work or spare time need a place to be cared suitable for personal feelings and functions in line with the needs of the living space. At the same time the spirit and spiritual solace be satisfied.

正是這種需求的變化，市場的新潮，設(shè)計的主要方向也開始了戰(zhàn)略性的轉(zhuǎn)移：由傳統(tǒng)的工業(yè)產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐杂嬎慵夹g(shù)為代表的高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。與此同時，人們生活水平的提高，個性化需求的出現(xiàn)、審美情趣的變化，使設(shè)計理念也發(fā)生了很大的改變。針對過去路易斯.沙利文提出的現(xiàn)代主義設(shè)計口號“形式追隨功能” （Form Follows Function）逐漸被淡化，而慢慢走向了著名“青蛙設(shè)計公司”（Frog Design）提出的“形式服從情感”（Form Follows Emotion）設(shè)計理念，數(shù)字化時代、信息設(shè)計、人性化設(shè)計、非物質(zhì)性社會的設(shè)計等已成為新的設(shè)計理念和領(lǐng)域，而這些新的設(shè)計理念和領(lǐng)域也必須與時俱進(jìn)，可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

With these changes related to demands in fashion, the main strategic direction of the design shift from the traditional industrial products to products with high-tech and good services. At the same time, people's improving living standards, personal demands, and changing aesthetic taste make design concepts change. Louis Sullivan raised the slogan "form follows function" which is gradually forgotten. And the famous "frog design" raised the "form follows emotion" concept. The digital age, information design, user-friendly design, non-material design community has become a new design concept and field. And these new ideas and areas of designing must be advancing with the times and be sustainable development.

市場靠產(chǎn)品，產(chǎn)品開發(fā)靠設(shè)計。只有依靠精心設(shè)計，才能把市場、消費需求溶入產(chǎn)品中，把經(jīng)濟(jì)、科技和藝術(shù)相結(jié)合，把智力、魅力和競爭力相統(tǒng)一。因此，設(shè)計的人文化、個性化、及所得到的品牌效應(yīng)在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的大潮中，不再是某個人的事情。

Market is being on with product and the development of product is being on with design. Only by relying on carefully design, products can be in consumer and market’ s demands and the economy, science and technology and art can be combined, so  intelligence, charm and the competitiveness are . Therefore, the design culture, personalization, and b the brand in the world tide of economic development is no longer a personal matter.

3.2 我國醫(yī)療產(chǎn)品今后的設(shè)計方向

信息時代的醫(yī)療產(chǎn)品設(shè)計同過去相比，一顯著的不同點是加入了科學(xué)技術(shù)手段。數(shù)字化、電子化、信息化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的生產(chǎn)滿足“人”的多方面需求，提供物質(zhì)可能性。20世紀(jì)二、三十年代由包豪斯學(xué)府提出的“功能主義”在工業(yè)產(chǎn)品設(shè)計中影響很大，因此，醫(yī)療產(chǎn)品設(shè)計有相當(dāng)長一段時間以“理性主義”思潮為主流，遵循“形式追隨功能”的經(jīng)典工業(yè)設(shè)計原則，以追隨單一的使用功能為唯一的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，完全按照功能模塊的區(qū)分，當(dāng)時盡管它起到了許多積極的作用，但其“技術(shù)至上”的傾向?qū)е铝水a(chǎn)品與人的情感、與環(huán)境的疏遠(yuǎn)。這種并不考慮“人”的心理需求，直接以一一對應(yīng)的形式來設(shè)計產(chǎn)品的結(jié)構(gòu)和形態(tài)。加上加工技術(shù)的局限，這種傳統(tǒng)對應(yīng)關(guān)系下的產(chǎn)品就表現(xiàn)為人們最常見的、毫無修飾的四方塊，沒有人從消費者“人性化”的角度去詮釋醫(yī)療產(chǎn)品，這種高估計“物”的技術(shù)作用，而忽視“物”的人文價值的作法，是不能符合當(dāng)今時代的要求。

3.2 China's medical products’ design direction of future
In the information age, the design of medical products comparing with themselves in the past, is different in the aspect of the incorporation of the scientific and technological means. Digital, electronic, information, technology, and network-based production can meet people’s various needs especially material needs.  Second, in 1920s or 1930s, the institution "functionalism" by the Bauhaus influence a lot in industrial product design, therefore, the design of medical products for a long period of time has "rationalism" as the mainstream of thought following the classic principles "Form Follows function " in order to follow the use of a single function as the only measure, in full accordance with the distinction between functional modules. At that time although it has played an active role, but the" technology first" tendency leads people's feelings and the environment to be away of each other. In this kind of products, human psychological needs are not considered. It only base on the form of one-to-one design in the structure and form. of products. Processing technology has limitations. Traditional products are just like things with no modification. And no one interpret medical products in the point of view of humanized products to neglect the function of culture. It can’t exist in the contemporary era.

與此同時，將產(chǎn)品的“設(shè)計”行為視為或從事為“裝飾”行為，卻仍是我國企業(yè)中工業(yè)設(shè)計實踐的主流。這種認(rèn)識和行為上的膚淺化，歪曲化，正使相當(dāng)多的企業(yè)遭受嚴(yán)重的短期損失（如產(chǎn)品積壓）和長遠(yuǎn)損失（如失去市場）。因此，企業(yè)投入市場的也許是高性能的商品，但絕不是高質(zhì)量、受歡迎的用品。

At the same time, the "design" of the product engages in conduct as a "decoration". And it is the mainstream of industrial design. This distorted awareness and behavior is making a considerable number of enterprises suffering serious short-term losses (such as product backlog) and long-term losses (such as loss of market). Therefore, the products in market may be high-performance, but not high-quality, popular products.

4 醫(yī)療設(shè)備設(shè)計過程中涉及的特殊問題

    讓我們仔細(xì)考察一下醫(yī)療設(shè)備設(shè)計過程中涉及的特殊問題。通常，當(dāng)我們在設(shè)計普通的家用電器產(chǎn)品時，產(chǎn)品購買者就是產(chǎn)品的最終使用者。但是對于醫(yī)療設(shè)備而言，是由醫(yī)院的管理者來購買，由醫(yī)生和護(hù)士來操作，當(dāng)然最終是由患者來接受治療。這意味著我們需要滿足三組顧客的需求，而不僅僅是個人或一個家庭，并且這三組使用者需要的和關(guān)心的優(yōu)先順序各不相同。作為設(shè)計師應(yīng)該考慮各方面的因素。

4 The special problems involved in the design process of medical equipment    

Let us take a closer look at the special problems involved in the design process of medical equipment. Usually, when we   design common household products, the buyer is the user. However, in terms of medical equipment, it’s bought by hospital s managers but operated by the doctors and nurses .Of course, ultimately it’ s patients who receive treatment. This means that we need to meet the needs of three groups of customers, not just an individual or a family, and these three groups of users must be concerned differently. As a designer, various factors should be taken into account.

4.1 醫(yī)院環(huán)境

首先是醫(yī)院自身的環(huán)境，——指物質(zhì)環(huán)境。顯然，醫(yī)院里的任何產(chǎn)品都必須是無菌的，易于清洗，經(jīng)得起可能使用的任何腐蝕性液體。在許多醫(yī)院里，對空間的需求很大。因為醫(yī)療設(shè)備的體積通常都很龐大，所以，必須考慮醫(yī)院的門窗尺寸和天花板的高度，當(dāng)然還要考慮這些設(shè)備可能占用的地面面積等尺寸。

4.1 hospital environment
First of all, hospital's own environment refers to material environment. Obviously, any product of the hospital must be sterile, easy to be clean, and not easy destroyed by any corrosive fluid. In many hospitals, there are  high demand for space, because the volume of medical equipment is usually very large. So the doors and windows of the hospital must be taken into account such as the size of the floor area.