早在公元前 2 世紀(jì)，“絲綢之路”就讓中國走向了世界，也讓世界走進(jìn)了中國。曾任中國社會(huì)科學(xué)院考古研究所所長的劉慶柱指出，越來越多的考古發(fā)現(xiàn)揭示了“絲綢之路”沿線古代文化交流的詳細(xì)情況。
陳曉蓉
擔(dān)任采訪
劉慶柱
曾任中國社會(huì)科學(xué)院考古研究所所長
您是怎么參與聯(lián)合國教科文組織的“絲綢之路”計(jì)劃的？
1990年，我擔(dān)任中國社會(huì)科學(xué)院考古研究所西安研究室負(fù)責(zé)人，主要研究西漢（公元前206—公元24）和唐代（公元618—907）都城長安（今西安）的陵墓。當(dāng)時(shí)，聯(lián)合國教科文組織專家考察團(tuán)來訪西安，我接到的任務(wù)便是介紹西安“絲綢之路”考古遺址的相關(guān)信息。我記得很清楚，在看到唐高宗與武則天的合葬墓乾陵外矗立著與真人一般大小的61尊蕃酋像，以及章懷太子墓中刻畫外國使臣和異域器物的壁畫時(shí)，考察團(tuán)的各位專家驚嘆不已。
2014年，作為“絲綢之路”跨國申遺（“長安-天山廊道的路網(wǎng)”于2014年被列入聯(lián)合國教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)名錄）工作的一部分，我向評(píng)審組專家展示了中國“絲綢之路”沿線的部分遺跡。
長期以來，“絲綢之路”既指商貿(mào)之路，又指文化交流之路。而聯(lián)合國教科文組織的綜合研究報(bào)告《“絲綢之路”：對(duì)話之路》（The Silk Roads: Roads of Dialogue）重新詮釋了這一概念。從文明交流和相互了解的角度來看，該研究報(bào)告反映了中華文明與西方文明之間的對(duì)話，有助于塑造歐亞人民豐富的共同遺產(chǎn)，并在一定程度上彰顯了中華文明的包容性。
水牛造型犧尊（中國，14—15 世紀(jì)）?CC0知識(shí)共享協(xié)議，巴黎市立博物館/巴黎賽努奇亞洲歷史博物館。
德國地理學(xué)家費(fèi)迪南·馮·李?；舴遥‵erdinandvon Richthofen）曾寫過《中國》（China，1877年出版）一書，他將“絲綢之路”定義為公元前127至前114年連接中國與河中地區(qū)（阿姆河與錫爾河之間），以及中國與印度的貿(mào)易路線。
如今，“絲綢之路”已成為一個(gè)總稱，涵蓋了中國、中亞、西亞之間的古代交通線，以及通過地中海（包括沿岸陸路）連接歐洲和北非的路線。一般來說，“絲綢之路”就是“沙漠絲綢之路”，從中國西部經(jīng)中亞，再從西亞至南歐。這條路并不是自西向東形成的，它由中國人開辟，從長安（后從洛陽）向西延伸。關(guān)于這個(gè)說法有許多不同意見，因此，聯(lián)合國教科文組織“絲綢之路”計(jì)劃將“沙漠絲綢之路”的起點(diǎn)確定為長安（西安）之舉意義重大。
“沙漠絲綢之路”開辟于西漢時(shí)期，公元前2世紀(jì)中國外交家張騫受命出使西域，從此便有了這條路。除了商業(yè)和文化交流價(jià)值之外，它還有外交作用。事實(shí)上，張騫希望能與西域36國以及中亞的其他相關(guān)國家和地區(qū)建立友好關(guān)系，目的是消除匈奴（中國北方游牧民族）的勢(shì)力。
“海上絲綢之路”是從什么時(shí)候開始在東西方世界的交流中發(fā)揮重要作用的？
海上東西方、南北方的人員往來，可以上溯至3000多年前。國家層面的人員往來則最早發(fā)生在西漢漢武帝時(shí)代，皇帝曾派中央政府官員出使南海各地。唐代更有中央政府派出官員從廣東至西亞（今伊拉克）。
隨著歐亞大陸“絲綢之路”的衰落，“海上絲綢之路”進(jìn)入了最為繁盛的時(shí)代，尤其是在宋元兩代（公元10—14世紀(jì)），當(dāng)時(shí)中國的航海與造船技術(shù)居于世界先進(jìn)水平。到了明代（1368—1644），東南亞、印度洋和波斯灣開辟了新的海上航線。
考古學(xué)家通過碼頭遺址、沉船遺物來探索“海上絲綢之路”的主要遺存，從而復(fù)原其路線。他們也在上述遺存附近探索“海上絲綢之路”。這使我們得以復(fù)原從埃及亞歷山大港至中國合浦、廣州、泉州、揚(yáng)州和山東半島的古代海上航線。
南海航線始于廣州，橫跨印度洋，延伸至波斯灣周圍各國。事實(shí)上，考古發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，在唐代之前或先秦時(shí)代（公元前221年以前時(shí)期），中國就已通過“海上絲綢之路”與南海地區(qū)有了海上往來。現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些相關(guān)遺存，例如在殷墟遺址（中國中部河南省）發(fā)現(xiàn)的3000年前的甲骨文龜板，就是來自馬來西亞的“亞洲大陸龜”。
商朝的青銅頭像。?Hong bin Yue
中國北方出土的商代（公元前1600—前1046）犀牛造型青銅器，以及漢文帝母親南陵陪葬坑出土的犀牛骨等，也能幫助我們了解與古代“海上絲綢之路”相關(guān)的聯(lián)系。朝鮮半島和日本列島出土的大量中國文物最有力地證明了，在中國漢代與南北朝時(shí)期（公元420—589），這些地區(qū)曾與中國北方開展過海上交流。
從考古學(xué)的角度來看，綜合研究報(bào)告《“絲綢之路”：對(duì)話之路》能給我們帶來哪些經(jīng)驗(yàn)與啟發(fā)？
“絲綢之路”的確定主要依賴考古發(fā)現(xiàn)以及歷史文獻(xiàn)記錄。因此，如今人們對(duì)這個(gè)概念的認(rèn)知，與近代考古學(xué)傳入中國有關(guān)。
“絲綢之路”是“一條線”，由千千萬萬個(gè)“點(diǎn)”組成，考古學(xué)正是通過對(duì)這些“點(diǎn)”的發(fā)現(xiàn)，“連接”了已經(jīng)淹沒于地下、水下的“絲綢之路”。我們之所以用考古發(fā)現(xiàn)來進(jìn)行確認(rèn)，就是為了復(fù)原歷史。畢竟，歷史記錄，包括關(guān)于“絲綢之路”的歷史記錄并不總是準(zhǔn)確無誤的。雖然有形的道路可能已經(jīng)消失不見，被海浪沖刷得了無痕跡，但是掩埋在沙子底下的若干“點(diǎn)”還在，可以揭開文化遺跡的神秘面紗，幫助我們重建歷史。
我個(gè)人認(rèn)為，“沙漠絲綢之路”是一條與漢唐兩代實(shí)行“和諧外交”相關(guān)的道路。從更長遠(yuǎn)的歷史發(fā)展角度來看，它也是整個(gè)古代世界東西文化交流的紐帶。開辟這條道路最初就是為了推動(dòng)西域和內(nèi)陸的相互了解和往來。而且，由此打下的歷史基礎(chǔ)，讓“絲綢之路”能夠在大唐盛世發(fā)展至另一“高峰”，標(biāo)志著中國歷史上的一個(gè)輝煌時(shí)期。
As early as the 2nd century BC the Silk Roads allowed China to reach the world and the world to enter China. Archaeological findings continue to reveal details on past cultural exchanges along them, says Liu Qingzhu, former director of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Institute of Archaeology.
Interviewed by
Chen Xiaorong
UNESCO
Liu Qingzhu
former director of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Institute of Archaeology
How did you become involved in the UNESCO Silk Roads Programme?
In 1990, I was in charge of the Xi’an Research Office for the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (IACASS). My research focused on mausoleums in the ancient city of Chang’an (today, Xi 'an), which was the capital of the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-24 AD) and Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD). When a delegation of experts from UNESCO was deployed in the area, I was assigned to provide them with information about the archaeological sites along the silk road in Xi'an. I still remember how astonished these experts were by the 61 nearly life-size statues of vassals standing in front of the mausoleum of Emperor Gaozong and his wife Wu Zetian at Qianling of Tang Dynasty and by the murals depicting foreign envoys and exotic objects in the tomb of crown prince Zhanghuai.
During 2014, as part of the transboundary nomination of the Silk Roads [Routes Network of Chang’an-Tianshan Corridor nomination as UNESCO World Heritage in 2014], I showed the evaluation team experts some relics along the routes in China.
For a long time, the term Silk Roads referred to both a trade road and a cultural exchange route. UNESCO's integral study The Silk Roads: Roads of Dialogue has reinterpreted the concept. From the perspective of civilization exchange and mutual understanding, the study reflects the dialogue between Chinese and Western civilizations and helps to shape the rich common heritage of the Eurasian people; and to some extent, shows the inclusiveness of Chinese civilization.
In his book China, published in 1877, the German geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen referred to 'Silk Roads’ as the trade route that connected China and the regions between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers to India between 127 and 114 BC. Now it has become the general term for the ancient transportation routes between China, Central Asia, West Asia, and the route that connects Europe and North Africa through the Mediterranean (including coastal roads).
Generally speaking, the term mostly refers to the 'Desert Silk Road', which passes from the west of China, and then through Central Asia and West Asia to southern Europe. Unlike some views, the Desert Silk Road did not go from west to east, but instead, it was opened by the Chinese and it extended westward from Chang'an and later from Luoyang. Hence, it's significant that the UNESCO Silk Roads programme established Chang’an (Xi’an) as the starting point of the Desert Silk Road.
The Desert Silk Road was opened by the Western Han Dynasty. It started with Chinese diplomat Zhang Qian’s mission to the Western Regions during the 2nd century BC. Above its commercial and cultural exchange value, it was a road for diplomacy. In fact, Zhang Qian wanted to establish friendly relations with 36 states in the Western Regions and other related countries and regions in Central Asia, in order to eliminate the power of the Xiongnu, nomadic peoples in the north of China.
When did the maritime road begin to play a major role in the exchanges between the Western and Eastern worlds?
The exchange of personnel between the East and West, North and South along the sea dates back over 3,000 years. At the state level, it can be traced back to the Han dynasty during the reign of Emperor Wu, who sent central government officials to the South Seas. During the Tang dynasty, the central government sent officials from Guangdong to West Asia (present-day Iraq).
With the decline of the Silk Roads on the Eurasian continent, the Maritime Silk Road entered its most prosperous period, especially during the Song and Yuan dynasties (10th–14th century). The maritime and shipbuilding technology of China was at a world-advanced level during this period. During the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), new sea-lanes were opened in Southeast Asia, the Indian Ocean and the Gulf. Archaeologists explore the main remains of the Maritime Silk Road through wharf sites and sunken ship relics to reconstruct its routes. They also explore the routes near these remains. This allows us to reconstruct an ancient sea route from the port of Alexandria in Egypt to Hepu, Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Yangzhou and the Shandong Peninsula in China. Guangzhou represented the startingpoint of the South China Sea Route, which extended across the Indian Ocean and then on to various countries situated around the Persian Gulf.
In fact, archaeological findings indicate that the Maritime Silk Road saw sea-borne interactions with the South China Sea even before the Tang dynasty or during the pre-Qin era (221 BC) in China.
Some related relics have been discovered, such as the 'Asian Continental Turtle’ from Malaysia at the Yin Xu site (central China's Henan Province), which was found to be a 3000-year-old oracle bone with engravings on tortoise plastron.
Rhinoceros figures can also provide insights into past connections related to the Maritime Silk Road. For example, bronze figures of rhinoceros from the Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BC) have been discovered in northern China; and there were rhinoceros bones buried alongside the mother of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty in Nanling. The numerous Chinese artifacts found in the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese islands are the strongest historical evidence of their seaborne exchanges with the northern part of China during the Han and Northern and Southern Dynasties (420-589 AD).
From an archaeological point of view, what lessons can be drawn from the Integral Study of The Silk Roads: Roads of Dialogue project?
The identification of the Silk Road mainly relies on archaeological discoveries and historical literature records. Therefore, modern understanding of the Silk Roads is linked with the introduction of modern archaeology in China.
The Silk Roads are 'lines’ made up of countless 'points’, and archaeology is the means by which we can connect the submerged Silk Roads by discovering these 'points’. We identify the Silk Roads through archaeological discoveries with the aim of restoring history. Historical records, including those about the Silk Roads, are not always accurate. The physical roads might be gone, wiped away or washed away by the waves, but several 'points' buried in the sand are still there and they can reveal cultural relics – and these 'points' help us reconstruct the past.
Personally, I believe that the Desert Silk Road was a road related to the implementation of the 'Harmony Diplomacy’ of the Han and Tang Dynasties. From the perspective of longer-term historical development, it is linked to the cultural exchanges between the East and the West in the ancient world. The creation of this road was originally aimed at promoting mutual understanding and exchanges between the western regions and the inland areas. This laid the historical foundation for the flourishing of another 'peak’ in the Silk Roads history during the Tang Dynasty's heyday, marking a glorious period in Chinese history.
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